英文論文翻譯范文

時(shí)間:2023-04-06 09:14:46

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英文論文翻譯

篇1

隨著全球一體化進(jìn)程的加快,世界各國(guó)間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交流日益加強(qiáng),商務(wù)活動(dòng)越來(lái)越頻繁。在日新月異、錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的商務(wù)環(huán)境中,一些商務(wù)期刊論文中的經(jīng)濟(jì)觀點(diǎn)、商務(wù)投資方法能夠幫助商務(wù)人士看清大局,從而更好地從事商務(wù)活動(dòng)。商業(yè)期刊論文是調(diào)查、分析和解釋社會(huì)商業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融活動(dòng)及變化問(wèn)題的論文,其語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)與日常交際英語(yǔ)不同,具有自身的特點(diǎn)和風(fēng)格。

紐馬克在所著的《翻譯問(wèn)題探討》一書中提出了交際翻譯理論觀(紐馬克,2001)。交際翻譯理論認(rèn)為翻譯的主要目的是信息傳達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性,因此在翻譯過(guò)程中要以譯文的整體效果為主,與此同時(shí)也要盡量做到簡(jiǎn)潔明了和提高譯文的可理解性,不必太過(guò)拘泥原文的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式而使譯文模糊而晦澀難懂(康健,2006)。該理論為商務(wù)期刊論文摘要的英譯提供了新的翻譯思路與方法。

2.研究理論基礎(chǔ)

英國(guó)翻譯理論家紐馬克在著作《翻譯教程》中根據(jù)其語(yǔ)言功能將文本分為表達(dá)型文本、信息型文本和呼喚型文本這三大類,他還提出語(yǔ)言的主要功能表現(xiàn)為表達(dá)型、描述或信息型呼喚指示型側(cè)重于表達(dá)功能的文本,主要是表達(dá)情感,不考慮讀者的反應(yīng)(紐馬克,1988)。在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)該結(jié)合語(yǔ)境,注意作者的語(yǔ)氣及語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格。側(cè)重于信息表達(dá)類的文本,主要強(qiáng)調(diào)其“真實(shí)性”,它基本上涉及全部知識(shí)領(lǐng)域,其模式十分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。主要的翻譯策略是語(yǔ)義翻譯和交際翻譯。

商務(wù)文本的本質(zhì)是由語(yǔ)言和非語(yǔ)言手段的共同組成的商務(wù)交際行為,是在商務(wù)交際活動(dòng)中為達(dá)到特定的商務(wù)目的而構(gòu)建的一系列相互關(guān)聯(lián)的商務(wù)交際功能。商務(wù)期刊論文文本內(nèi)容廣泛,涉及各行業(yè)各業(yè),不同領(lǐng)域。其語(yǔ)言跨度較大,包含多種文體、多種行業(yè)知識(shí)。英文論文摘要是一種獨(dú)特的文本。其具有自明性、獨(dú)立性和完整性,能夠吸引讀者,概括原論文的重要內(nèi)容。商務(wù)期刊論文摘要具有“信息”和“呼喚”功能。翻譯文本決定了翻譯方法。

3.商務(wù)期刊論文摘要中譯英實(shí)例分析

3.1交際翻譯策略

交際翻譯策略的重點(diǎn)是根據(jù)目的語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言、文化和語(yǔ)用方式傳遞信息,而不是盡量忠實(shí)地復(fù)制原文的文字。通常采用交際翻譯的文體類型包括新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)、教科書、公共告示和其他很多非文學(xué)作品。

例1,營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略是企業(yè)全部營(yíng)銷工作的基石。市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷要制定企業(yè)的市場(chǎng)定位戰(zhàn)略,發(fā)掘市場(chǎng)潛在需求,確立消費(fèi)者品牌歸屬感,明確市場(chǎng)細(xì)分目標(biāo)。(米歇爾,2001)。

譯文:The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the enterprise whole marketing work. The marketing needs to formulate the strategy for marketing position, explore the potential need, and establish the consumers brand sense of belonging, and make sure the marketing subdivision(米歇爾,2001).

交際翻譯策略建議在不影響原文意義準(zhǔn)確性的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行增減。這篇商務(wù)期刊論文摘要旨在突出市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略的重要性及怎樣做好市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷,所以側(cè)重這一中心進(jìn)行翻譯及適當(dāng)?shù)卦鰷p詞。例如,第一句“營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略是企業(yè)全部營(yíng)銷工作的基石”可直接翻譯為“The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the marketing work”,沒(méi)有翻譯“企業(yè)”讀者同樣可以體會(huì)到營(yíng)銷策略的重要性。“The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the enterprise whole marketing work.”是很明顯的中式英語(yǔ),enterprise出現(xiàn)在中間有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。第二句是強(qiáng)調(diào)我們應(yīng)該怎樣進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷,關(guān)鍵是翻譯后面幾個(gè)要點(diǎn),所以前面兩句建議譯為:“The marketing strategy is the cornerstone of the marketing work. It is necessary to identify market position, explore potential market demand, establish a sense of brand ownership for the customers and specify the market target.”

3.2語(yǔ)義翻譯策略

語(yǔ)義翻譯重視的是原文的形式和原作者的原意,商務(wù)期刊論文摘要設(shè)計(jì)到許多經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易等方面的專有名詞,所以在語(yǔ)義翻譯的指導(dǎo)下可以讓其英文翻譯更加忠實(shí)原文。

中文摘要:從本質(zhì)上講,構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì)的核心是調(diào)整兩大基本關(guān)系,即人與人的關(guān)系及人與自然的關(guān)系。基于林業(yè)的生態(tài)建設(shè)不僅可以協(xié)調(diào)人與自然的關(guān)系,而且有助于協(xié)調(diào)人與人之間的關(guān)系。林業(yè)在和諧社會(huì)的構(gòu)建中居于重要地位,發(fā)揮主要作用。為實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、社會(huì)效益的和諧,應(yīng)從發(fā)展目標(biāo)、戰(zhàn)略定位、范疇、經(jīng)營(yíng)方式、林權(quán)制度、生態(tài)價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)方式等六個(gè)方面論述和諧社會(huì)構(gòu)建過(guò)程中的林業(yè)發(fā)展模式(王奇,2008:12)。

譯文:A harmonious society should coordinate the two relationships: the one between man and man, and the other between man and nature, but the present mode of forestry development only focuses on the latter. This article indicated that the mode must be adjusted under the background of constructing harmonious society in china. The former part of this paper analyzes the role of forestry development in a harmonious society, and the latter part shows how the forestry mode should be developed in six different aspects such as the goal, strategy, role extension, management model, forest tenure reform, ecological value, ect.(王奇,2008:12).

該英文摘要總體上不錯(cuò),能夠較為全面地展現(xiàn)中文摘要的意思。但是根據(jù)紐馬克的語(yǔ)義翻譯原則,此英文摘要翻譯還可以完善。例如,英文摘要中“but the present mode of forestry development only focuses on the latter”在中文摘要中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)這方面的意思。第二句中“This article indicated that the mode must be adjusted...”在中文中也沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的文本。此處就違反語(yǔ)義翻譯“忠實(shí)原文”的規(guī)則。根據(jù)語(yǔ)義翻譯的原則,我們可以對(duì)于某些詞語(yǔ)添加注釋,充分理解中文摘要想要表達(dá)的意思。該英文論文摘要建議譯為:“A harmonious society lies in the coordination of the relationship between man and man, and between man and nature. Ecology-based forestry development facilitates the coordination of them, therefore, playing a vital important role in the constructing a harmonious society in China. Achieving the harmonious economic and social effects entails the construction of forestry model from six aspects such as development goal, strategic orientation, extent operation model, forest tenure reform, and ecological value, ect. ”

3.3交際翻譯與語(yǔ)義翻譯相結(jié)合

在很多情況下,對(duì)商務(wù)期刊論文摘要進(jìn)行翻譯時(shí),既要將其內(nèi)涵和基本含義表達(dá)出來(lái),又要達(dá)到與讀者產(chǎn)生共鳴的效果。因此,交際翻譯和語(yǔ)義翻譯相結(jié)合就能達(dá)到這兩個(gè)目的,只采用語(yǔ)義翻譯原則會(huì)忽略到讀者的感受。只是單方面利用交際翻譯,又會(huì)將原文的含義損失掉。例如某一商務(wù)期刊在談?wù)撋虅?wù)廣告時(shí),有一則酒店廣告“夜晚時(shí)分,這里的世界依然五彩繽紛”,這里不僅需要表達(dá)語(yǔ)義還需要表達(dá)出其美感,將交際翻譯與語(yǔ)義翻譯相結(jié)合則可以翻譯為“The colorful world doesn’t stop when it’s nightmare”,如果只是單純地考慮語(yǔ)義譯為“When it's night, the world is beautiful”,就難以達(dá)到前者所表達(dá)的效果。

篇2

關(guān)鍵詞: 英文影視作品 翻譯實(shí)例 翻譯方法

英文影視名稱的翻譯與文本翻譯既有相同點(diǎn),又有不同點(diǎn)。相同的是:都要遵循翻譯的“信,達(dá),雅”,“既要忠實(shí)原文,表達(dá)主旨,又要注重翻譯的藝術(shù)和美學(xué)效果”。不同的是:片名的翻譯有時(shí)還要考慮一定的商業(yè)目的。事實(shí)證明,那些曲解、誤解甚至完全主觀臆造的翻譯則不僅成為影視作品(特別是優(yōu)秀作品)發(fā)行推廣的絆腳石,更成為誤人子弟的文化垃圾。相反,那些精準(zhǔn)而又雅俗共賞的翻譯作品就猶如一件件藝術(shù)精品,耐人尋味。2010年美國(guó)熱映的大片“Twilight”其中文名字叫做《暮光之城》,此名稱很好地展現(xiàn)了影片的藝術(shù)魅力和主旨,在暮色時(shí)分,這段跌宕起伏的冒險(xiǎn)故事才緩緩地拉開了帷幕。

因此,在英語(yǔ)影視作品名稱翻譯中,通常也可以遵循以下三種常用的翻譯處理方法:直譯法、意譯法、偏商業(yè)化的譯法。一方面,可以達(dá)到向觀眾準(zhǔn)確地宣傳和介紹優(yōu)秀的英語(yǔ)影視作品的目的;另一方面,也能讓英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者體會(huì)到英文原名與中文譯名之間的轉(zhuǎn)化的美感,從中欣賞中西方語(yǔ)言和文化的魅力。

一、直譯法

一部好的影視作品片名翻譯,首先要求翻譯工作者在看懂影視作品內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確地將原片標(biāo)題翻譯出來(lái)。這樣的翻譯常常能讓觀眾一目了然,欣然接受。如Robinhood(《羅賓漢》),King Arthur(《亞瑟王》),The Kiss of the Dragon(《龍之吻》),English Patient(《英國(guó)病人》),First Blood(《第一滴血》),Cold Mountain(《冷山》),True Lies(《真實(shí)的謊言》),Dances with Wolves(《與狼共舞》),Perfect Storm(《完美風(fēng)暴》),Sahara(《撒哈拉》),Up in the Air(《在云端》)等這些翻譯都是比較直接地將原片名翻譯出來(lái),使我們很容易想到影片的內(nèi)容,也保持了影片的格調(diào)。

但是,如果有些影視作品名的翻譯與原文相差甚遠(yuǎn),不僅給人以錯(cuò)誤的提示,甚至完全混淆或扭曲原影視作品的意思。比如說(shuō)由蘇珊?薩蘭登主演的影片White Palace描寫不同階層之間的男女戀愛(ài)故事,劇情非常樸實(shí),演員的表演也很自然到位。本片導(dǎo)演路易斯?曼杜奇在影片的前半部還是拍出了很不錯(cuò)的情調(diào),對(duì)兩人對(duì)立鮮明的個(gè)性:溫文優(yōu)雅和美艷熱情也做了很好的戲劇性發(fā)揮??墒沁@部電影的名稱翻譯卻讓喜愛(ài)電影的朋友們大失所望?!肚樘袅禄ā愤@個(gè)譯名不僅降低了電影的水準(zhǔn),而且使觀眾誤以為是一部粗制濫造的言情片。后來(lái),又譯者將之改為《人間有情》,雖然又一定的局限性,但畢竟將電影的主旨健康地表現(xiàn)了出來(lái)。所以說(shuō),在很多時(shí)候,電影翻譯工作者要本著對(duì)觀眾高度的責(zé)任態(tài)度來(lái)完成翻譯任務(wù)。

二、意譯法

同直譯法相比,意譯法在影視作品的翻譯中所占的比重比較大。對(duì)影視作品的翻譯,可以通過(guò)合理歸化的手法,將外來(lái)文化與本土文化的最佳結(jié)合點(diǎn)翻譯出來(lái)。既盡量按照中國(guó)的文化特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,又將片名翻譯得盡可能符合中國(guó)觀眾的文化口味和審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn),從而最大限度地吸引觀眾。例如大嘴美女朱莉亞?羅伯茨主演的Pretty Woman(《風(fēng)月俏佳人》),有些地方將它直譯為《漂亮女郎》,尚可接受;但有些地方卻翻譯成《烏鴉變鳳凰》,未免有些差強(qiáng)人意,畢竟太缺乏書面語(yǔ)言的美感,只讓人感到口語(yǔ)的粗俗。而且“烏鴉”這種動(dòng)物在中國(guó)人的眼里是不吉祥的象征,所以如果以這個(gè)名字出現(xiàn),估計(jì)會(huì)嚇退很多品味高級(jí)的觀眾。還有不少根據(jù)劇情意思來(lái)翻譯的比較優(yōu)秀的作品,如:Ladykiller(《奶師殺手》),17 Again(《重回17歲》),Speed(《生死時(shí)速》),The Terminal(《幸福終點(diǎn)》),Born on the Fourth of July(《生逢七月四》),Vanilla Sky(《芳草天空》),Flawless(《完美無(wú)瑕》)等。

在翻譯影視作品片名時(shí),除了要尊重原片名所指的意思以外,還可以作適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚?表現(xiàn)出一定的美感。比如美國(guó)影片Blood and Sand傳到中國(guó)以后,用了《碧血黃沙》這個(gè)非常具有情景味道的譯名,是觀眾很快地聯(lián)想到了西部、大漠、荒涼等與影片相關(guān)的字眼。沒(méi)有只是簡(jiǎn)單地、直截了當(dāng)?shù)胤g成《血和沙》,相信前者比后者吸引到了更多的觀眾,從而保證了影片一定的票房率。深受中國(guó)小朋友們喜愛(ài)的動(dòng)畫片“Bugs Bunny”是華納公司的力作,片中的主人公是全球孩子們都熟悉的人物,這部動(dòng)畫電影有兩個(gè)譯名,分別是《兔寶寶》和《兔八哥》。相比之下,后者更能體現(xiàn)出兔八哥妙語(yǔ)連珠、俏皮逗人的個(gè)性。

三、偏商業(yè)化的譯法

影視作品也是具備相當(dāng)可觀商業(yè)價(jià)值的商品。在今天電影行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)異常激烈的情況下,作品名稱是否能夠吸引觀眾眼球成了影響票房率的重要因素之一。因此在片名翻譯時(shí),譯者要考慮到一定的商業(yè)價(jià)值。特別是美國(guó)好萊塢大片,動(dòng)輒斥資上億美元的巨資拍攝而成,但是如果譯者因?yàn)樽g名失敗,很有可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致影片票房的慘淡和制片方嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,都是非常令人惋惜的事情。因此,作為一名優(yōu)秀的、負(fù)責(zé)任的翻譯工作者,在片名的翻譯時(shí),既要考慮忠實(shí)于原片內(nèi)容,又要考慮到譯名是否會(huì)激發(fā)觀眾觀看的欲望,從而保證高額的票房回報(bào),這是非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性的研究課題。

在2008年,有一部由導(dǎo)演伊桑?科恩執(zhí)導(dǎo)的奧斯卡獲獎(jiǎng)影片No Country for Old Man(《老無(wú)所依》),就是憑借這個(gè)精心翻譯的片名,挑起了觀眾強(qiáng)烈的觀看欲望,最后在中國(guó)市場(chǎng)掀起了爭(zhēng)相觀看的熱潮。片中警長(zhǎng)埃德?貝爾代表片名中的“Old Men”,他在對(duì)一連串的殺人事件進(jìn)行調(diào)查,并努力保護(hù)Moss的安全。但是,讓Bell感到無(wú)力絕望的是,本來(lái)是維護(hù)社會(huì)制安的執(zhí)法者,現(xiàn)在卻變得束手無(wú)策,完全失去了作用,他使出渾身解數(shù)也無(wú)法追蹤到冷血?dú)⑹?Moss的生命安全也受到嚴(yán)重的威脅。老Bell一面驚異于社會(huì)的變化、人性和法制觀念的沒(méi)落,一面感嘆世界已超出他們的控制之外,懷念那曾有的公正和人性的溫暖。所以,這部片名的翻譯很有深意,它并非向觀眾想象的那樣俗套,而是真正體現(xiàn)了在這個(gè)社會(huì)上,我們所珍惜的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和是非尺度已經(jīng)漸漸遠(yuǎn)離了我們,當(dāng)困難發(fā)生時(shí),我們無(wú)所依靠,取而代之的是茫然和絕望,只有少數(shù)的人還在維護(hù)著最后的榮耀和正義,所以說(shuō),這個(gè)作品的翻譯是非常成功的。

更多的例子還有,比如:Face Off(《奪面雙雄》),The Scent(《聞香識(shí)女人》),Shakespeare in Love(《莎翁情史》),Captain Corelli’s Mandolin(《戰(zhàn)地情人》),Wild at Heart(《我心狂野》)以上的翻譯充分考慮到漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)及一定的商業(yè)目的,以吸引不觀眾的眼光,達(dá)到良好的票房效果。

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

綜上所述,我們可以看出,那些優(yōu)秀的英語(yǔ)影視片名的翻譯,大多是在遵循基本的翻譯原則基礎(chǔ)上,巧妙靈活通過(guò)直譯、意譯或商業(yè)化等譯法等來(lái)處理的。當(dāng)然,片名的翻譯首先要能反映原片名的意思,也就是說(shuō)要首先忠于原意,然后恰當(dāng)?shù)赝ㄟ^(guò)文化的對(duì)等轉(zhuǎn)化意譯,或偏商業(yè)化等處理法進(jìn)行巧妙的加工和潤(rùn)色,這樣的片名翻譯才能贏得觀眾的認(rèn)可和喜愛(ài)。

翻譯工作者在進(jìn)行影視作品名稱翻譯的過(guò)程中,如果能本著為觀眾負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度,在影視名稱的翻譯上下功夫,那么就能為廣大的電影愛(ài)好者和英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者翻譯出貼切傳神的影視名稱。這樣,就不僅能夠向觀眾準(zhǔn)確地介紹影視作品,還能讓英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者體會(huì)到英文原名與中文譯名之間的轉(zhuǎn)化的美感,從中欣賞到中西方語(yǔ)言和文化的魅力,從而為中西方文化的交流作出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。同時(shí),也希望廣大的英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者能夠積極投身到這項(xiàng)有趣的工作中來(lái),集思廣益,為我們的翻譯事業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)自己的一份力量。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]金.等效翻譯探索(增訂版)[M].北京:中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,1997.

篇3

準(zhǔn)確性高商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函通常情況下會(huì)涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),因此,用語(yǔ)上必須準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,不能模棱兩可,杜絕不明朗的修飾語(yǔ)以及詞意不清的詞匯出現(xiàn)。商務(wù)信函的準(zhǔn)確性不僅體現(xiàn)在準(zhǔn)確用詞和保證語(yǔ)法正確上,在數(shù)字和日期上展現(xiàn)的尤為顯著,在表達(dá)過(guò)程中,任何誤差都可能導(dǎo)致貿(mào)易交易失敗。語(yǔ)句嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)我國(guó)各企業(yè)在貿(mào)易活動(dòng)交流時(shí)也應(yīng)有所要求,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函在用詞和語(yǔ)法上有要求,不僅要求語(yǔ)法嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),還要求用詞精練。根據(jù)企業(yè)自身實(shí)際貿(mào)易需求,對(duì)交易中的各項(xiàng)要求需要逐一翻譯,務(wù)必保證語(yǔ)句嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),不出現(xiàn)低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)信函語(yǔ)句嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:一是使用短語(yǔ)代替時(shí)間介詞或連詞,降低語(yǔ)意不清的發(fā)生率;二是盡量回避日常用語(yǔ),避免給人不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)母杏X(jué);三是針對(duì)信函中的復(fù)合詞,在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意用詞規(guī)范和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),避免企業(yè)遭受不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。

二、商務(wù)信函翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1.靈活而準(zhǔn)確商務(wù)信函記錄中需要實(shí)事求是地記錄,不需要華麗的語(yǔ)言,但在細(xì)節(jié)方面需要進(jìn)行修飾。信函的翻譯內(nèi)容需要簡(jiǎn)單明了、一絲不茍,在細(xì)節(jié)方面需要表達(dá)仔細(xì),避免不必要的疏忽造成交易失敗,從而造成企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,因此,翻譯中注意專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確、貿(mào)易中的具體細(xì)節(jié)清晰明了、翻譯內(nèi)容敘述連貫無(wú)誤(我們?cè)谥袊?guó)已有10多年經(jīng)營(yíng)襯衫的經(jīng)驗(yàn),公司產(chǎn)品在當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?chǎng)暢銷。)這樣的翻譯充分體現(xiàn)了商務(wù)信函的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和專業(yè)性。有禮有節(jié)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)是公函語(yǔ)體中的一種表現(xiàn)形式,在進(jìn)行翻譯工作時(shí),不僅要措辭準(zhǔn)確,還要講究禮貌,采用禮貌用詞婉轉(zhuǎn)地表達(dá)貿(mào)易中的各項(xiàng)要求,給對(duì)方企業(yè)留下好印象。例如,(望您查看附件我司的公司介紹,我們有合作的機(jī)會(huì)。)語(yǔ)句中強(qiáng)調(diào)了“望”“您”,注意了禮貌用語(yǔ)又將企業(yè)訴求婉轉(zhuǎn)地轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)給對(duì)方,體現(xiàn)了信函中的有禮有節(jié)。

2.符合公函問(wèn)題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和特征目前,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及原則都與企業(yè)的實(shí)際需求有關(guān),既要重在紀(jì)實(shí),又要遵循原文的內(nèi)容與公函的格式。例如在使用婉轉(zhuǎn)語(yǔ)氣時(shí),可以在詞語(yǔ)上進(jìn)行斟酌,前提是符合公函標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和特征,對(duì)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中的禮貌用語(yǔ)進(jìn)行修飾,從而促進(jìn)翻譯水平的提高。

三、結(jié)語(yǔ)

篇4

忠實(shí)性是所有英語(yǔ)翻譯中最基本的指導(dǎo)原則,特別是對(duì)于商務(wù)英語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)。準(zhǔn)確地理解和翻譯具有一定文化內(nèi)涵的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞句的語(yǔ)用意義,對(duì)不同文化的商務(wù)活動(dòng)具有重要的意義。在解決商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中的一些障礙,特別是文化方面的障礙時(shí),必須考慮語(yǔ)用因素,用適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)用原則服務(wù)于商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯。

二、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯與文化和語(yǔ)用的相互關(guān)系

語(yǔ)用學(xué)研究的是語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用。關(guān)于語(yǔ)用學(xué)的定義有多種,索振羽編著的《語(yǔ)用學(xué)教程》中指出的定義表達(dá)得較為明確?!罢Z(yǔ)用學(xué)研究在不同語(yǔ)境中話語(yǔ)意義的恰當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)和準(zhǔn)確的理解,尋找并確定使話語(yǔ)意義得以恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)和準(zhǔn)確的理解的基本原則和準(zhǔn)則。”簡(jiǎn)言之,語(yǔ)用指的是超越于語(yǔ)言本身的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯是一種語(yǔ)際轉(zhuǎn)換。它不僅包括語(yǔ)言符號(hào)的轉(zhuǎn)換,更涉及不同商業(yè)文化之間的溝通。著名語(yǔ)用學(xué)家Sperber&Wilson(1995:2)認(rèn)為“交際方式甚至比交際內(nèi)容更重要”,為了不同文化的商業(yè)交際的成功,譯者務(wù)必首先做到讓譯文讀者能夠與原文讀者一樣在推理原作者的信息意圖時(shí)具有同等的推理距離,而后考慮“再現(xiàn)原作者對(duì)其意向讀者所做出的假設(shè)集”。其中可能要涉及到每個(gè)具體假設(shè)的可及度的調(diào)整。這條原則被稱之為翻譯的語(yǔ)用推理距離等距原則之補(bǔ)充原則。在識(shí)別作者信息意圖時(shí)的推理線索可分為句法線索、語(yǔ)義線索、字形線索和語(yǔ)音線索,它們之間具有不可分割性。整個(gè)翻譯過(guò)程始于原語(yǔ)交際,原語(yǔ)交際又始于交際者角度上的明示過(guò)程而后是聽話人角度上的推理過(guò)程,因而為了保證譯文讀者能正確識(shí)別說(shuō)話人的信息意圖,譯者有義務(wù)根據(jù)雙方的認(rèn)知環(huán)境再現(xiàn)必要的推理線索,提供這些線索也是譯文再現(xiàn)原文連貫的必要保證。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯本身就是一種文化的交流,因此,在從事商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯工作時(shí),不僅應(yīng)精通語(yǔ)言本身,更應(yīng)熟知原語(yǔ)和譯語(yǔ)的文化。在跨文化商務(wù)交流過(guò)程中會(huì)不可避免地出現(xiàn)各種文化沖突,而恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用語(yǔ)言,化解文化矛盾,正是語(yǔ)用學(xué)的任務(wù)之一。語(yǔ)用準(zhǔn)則在很大程度上受文化準(zhǔn)則的制約,具有鮮明的文化特點(diǎn)。要想成功地運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言必須通曉其背景文化??缥幕恼Z(yǔ)用實(shí)際上就是在不同文化之間掌握靈活變通的手段,完成語(yǔ)意的恰當(dāng)表達(dá)。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯是一門綜合的學(xué)問(wèn)。譯者在通曉語(yǔ)言、了解相關(guān)文化背景的同時(shí),也應(yīng)掌握一些語(yǔ)用知識(shí)。從事商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的工作者都知道,語(yǔ)言中有許多詞匯和表達(dá)蘊(yùn)含語(yǔ)用涵義,這其中就包括不同民族的文化涵義。文化的淵源不同使詞語(yǔ)所承載的文化也必然有很大差異。當(dāng)詞語(yǔ)的指稱意義與深層的言內(nèi)意義表達(dá)不一致時(shí),譯者就應(yīng)善于進(jìn)行文化的移植和融合,以達(dá)到語(yǔ)用意義的等值轉(zhuǎn)換。由此可見(jiàn),語(yǔ)用、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯與文化之間關(guān)系緊密,文化是基石,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯是轉(zhuǎn)換生成器,而語(yǔ)用是商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯這部機(jī)器的一個(gè)必備的應(yīng)用程序。三、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中的語(yǔ)言文化語(yǔ)用與社交語(yǔ)用因素的相互關(guān)系

語(yǔ)用學(xué)是研究語(yǔ)言的使用和理解的一門語(yǔ)言學(xué)科,它研究說(shuō)話人如何利用語(yǔ)言和外部語(yǔ)境表達(dá)意義,同時(shí)也研究聽話人對(duì)說(shuō)話人說(shuō)出的話語(yǔ)的解碼和推理。人們的日常交際中,語(yǔ)言作為文化的載體,折射出其特有的文化內(nèi)涵。翻譯作為一種跨文化交際活動(dòng),是一種三元關(guān)系,即原文作者、譯者和譯文讀者三者之間進(jìn)行的思想、文化的傳遞活動(dòng)。譯者在其中起著關(guān)鍵的連接作用:他首先是聽話人,他需要利用自己的原語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、文化背景,并在翻譯過(guò)程中揣摩原語(yǔ)作者的翻譯意圖,通過(guò)自己的智力參與,運(yùn)用語(yǔ)用學(xué)原則進(jìn)行推理,對(duì)原語(yǔ)文本進(jìn)行解碼;繼而,譯者又轉(zhuǎn)換其角色,變成說(shuō)話人,他通過(guò)自己的目的語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí),結(jié)合目的語(yǔ)的文化背景,把握目的語(yǔ)讀者的理解程度,按照原作者的意圖、風(fēng)格,將對(duì)原文解碼的結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)給目的語(yǔ)讀者,讓他們達(dá)到與原文讀者大致相同的感受。在跨文化翻譯過(guò)程中,由于不同的譯者所處的文化背景不同,他們各自對(duì)原作的理解把握也不盡相同。這其中涉及到理解問(wèn)題、重構(gòu)問(wèn)題,語(yǔ)用和文化因素在譯文中的處理方法,以及原作的語(yǔ)用用意的傳達(dá)等問(wèn)題。在翻譯過(guò)程中,譯者應(yīng)充分理解語(yǔ)用學(xué)內(nèi)涵,立足于原文語(yǔ)境,充分挖掘原作作者的語(yǔ)用用意,利用文章中的各種語(yǔ)意關(guān)聯(lián),深刻理解文中蘊(yùn)涵的文化內(nèi)涵,同時(shí)還要結(jié)合讀者的理解程度,呈現(xiàn)給讀者通順流暢、接受程度高的譯文。這樣同時(shí)也就達(dá)到了文化翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與意義。例如不同的語(yǔ)言有自己的表達(dá)習(xí)慣和各自的詞匯體系,相互之間并非一一對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。如漢語(yǔ)中的“三角債”,若商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯成“Triangledebt”,外方會(huì)不知所云,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中經(jīng)常用“chaindebt”來(lái)表達(dá)此意。再如商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯“文物保護(hù)單位”這個(gè)詞組,如把它譯成“aculturalunit”,英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人會(huì)把其理解成“一個(gè)文化單位”,這就是由于把漢、英詞語(yǔ)一一對(duì)應(yīng)造成的語(yǔ)用失誤,正確譯法應(yīng)當(dāng)是“ahistoricrelic”。再如,“宣傳”一詞,如果不看語(yǔ)言環(huán)境直接把它譯為“propaganda”往往會(huì)造成語(yǔ)用失誤。因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)中,“宣傳”并無(wú)貶義,而英語(yǔ)中的“propaganda”卻帶有“欺騙性”的含義。這種把漢、英一一對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)用失誤還有:當(dāng)你幫某人做了一件事情,對(duì)方向你表示了謝意,你用漢語(yǔ)的回答自然就是“沒(méi)關(guān)系”、“不用謝”之類,而用英語(yǔ)卻不能說(shuō)“Nevermind”、“Don’tthankme”之類,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中Nevermind常用來(lái)表示道歉,而Don’tthankme根本不符合英語(yǔ)的社交場(chǎng)景與表達(dá)習(xí)慣。另外一種在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中發(fā)生的語(yǔ)言使用方面的失誤是由于套用母語(yǔ)的表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)或誤用英語(yǔ)的其他表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu),結(jié)果表意不清,令人不知所云。如下面這句話“世紀(jì)之交,中國(guó)外交空前活躍。”試看譯文“Attheturnofthecentury,China’sdiplomacyismostactive”本句在漢語(yǔ)中很常見(jiàn),但如把它照譯成英文,則顯得有些Chinglish的味道,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中active的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是有生命的,把diplomacy和active搭配在一起并不恰當(dāng),如果譯為“TheturnofthecenturyfindsChinamostactiveonthediplomaticarena”則既傳達(dá)了原意,又符合語(yǔ)用規(guī)則。

篇5

關(guān)鍵詞:商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)翻譯策略

商務(wù)英語(yǔ)是為國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)這一特定的專業(yè)學(xué)科服務(wù)的專門用途英語(yǔ),所涉及的專業(yè)范圍很廣,并具有獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象和表現(xiàn)內(nèi)容。同時(shí)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),語(yǔ)法結(jié)雜,在翻譯過(guò)程中需要運(yùn)用一定的翻譯策略,以提高翻譯質(zhì)量。

一、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)

商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言詞匯方面的特點(diǎn)。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞匯具有術(shù)語(yǔ)性、普通詞的專業(yè)性、簡(jiǎn)約性和繁復(fù)性等特點(diǎn)。(1)多用專業(yè)詞匯,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)擁有數(shù)量可觀的專業(yè)詞匯,帶有很強(qiáng)的專業(yè)性,并且詞義專一。如:stock(n.)存貨repeatorder重復(fù)訂購(gòu)confirmedL/C(n.)保兌信用證;(2)用語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)潔,在口語(yǔ)和書面語(yǔ)中,盡量避免拖沓、繁瑣的語(yǔ)言。句式上的特點(diǎn),多用長(zhǎng)句:商務(wù)英語(yǔ)在句式上具有長(zhǎng)句多,有時(shí)整個(gè)一大段就是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句和多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

二、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯策略

1.一詞多譯及專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中詞匯的翻譯要根據(jù)前后搭配、上下文的聯(lián)系準(zhǔn)確選擇。如Premium這個(gè)詞有如下的漢譯:a.保險(xiǎn)費(fèi);b.額外費(fèi)用,附加費(fèi)c.超出平常價(jià),溢價(jià)。同一個(gè)詞,由于語(yǔ)境不同,其詞義可千差萬(wàn)別。試看下面例子:

Theycannotobtaincreditatallinthetrade.他們生意信譽(yù)已蕩然無(wú)存。

TheyhaveopenedthecoveringcreditwiththeBankofChina,London.他們已從倫敦中國(guó)銀行開立了有關(guān)信用證。

以上兩個(gè)句子credit詞義都有所區(qū)別。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中包含大量的詞匯,因此對(duì)于常見(jiàn)詞匯的精確運(yùn)用在翻譯中很重要。作為商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯工作者就要大量的掌握這些具有商務(wù)含義的普通詞和復(fù)合詞和縮略詞語(yǔ)。如價(jià)格常用術(shù)語(yǔ)FOB,CIF有其特定的專業(yè)內(nèi)容,又如C.W.O定貨付款;B/L提貨單;L/C信用證;C.O.D貨到付現(xiàn);W.P.A水漬險(xiǎn);bluechip藍(lán)籌股、績(jī)優(yōu)股;baddebt呆賬,等等。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯要遵循商務(wù)專業(yè)用語(yǔ)。所以要求商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯工作者要掌握大量的專業(yè)詞匯及翻譯技巧。

2.長(zhǎng)句的處理商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中長(zhǎng)句的構(gòu)成成分主要是定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。要翻譯好這些長(zhǎng)句,不能受原文長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,應(yīng)該將譯文的結(jié)構(gòu)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。如:Afterall,onlyafewyearsearlierthecompanyhadsuccessfullyopenedaDisneythemeparkinJapan,bridgingtheenormousdifferencesbetweenJapaneseandAmericancultures.EuroDisney,atleastinitially,provedtobeanotherstoryentirely.幾年前,公司彌合了日美文化的巨大差異,在日本成功建立了一家迪斯尼主題樂(lè)園。但在歐洲建立迪斯尼樂(lè)園卻完全是另一番情景,至少先期階段并不成功。原文的bridgingtheenormousdifferencesbetweenJapaneseandAmericancultures根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系放在了主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前才符合事物發(fā)展的邏輯順序。atleastinitially放在句末起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。3.詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯

詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯是國(guó)際商務(wù)翻譯中常見(jiàn)的譯詞技巧。常見(jiàn)的有名詞與動(dòng)詞、介詞與動(dòng)詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯。

名詞與動(dòng)詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯,如:Beforethepaymentofthesetariffs,theimportedgoodswillbeinthecustodyofthecustoms.交關(guān)稅前,進(jìn)口貨物由海關(guān)保管。在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中,有時(shí)會(huì)遇到某些詞在詞典上難以找到貼切具體上下文詞義,如生搬硬套,譯文往往語(yǔ)意不清,甚至導(dǎo)致誤解。顯然不能正確表達(dá)原文的意義,所以需要進(jìn)一步的引申。領(lǐng)會(huì)詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,把握句子、段落的聯(lián)系就句子內(nèi)部而言,英語(yǔ)重形合,句子各成分聯(lián)系緊密,漢語(yǔ)重意合,結(jié)構(gòu)松散,更多依賴句內(nèi)各成分的關(guān)系。漢語(yǔ)重視句子間的聯(lián)系,而英語(yǔ)不太重視句子間的聯(lián)系。Theeconomicgrowthratehasbeennoticeeablyaffectedbythechaoticstateofthemarket譯文:經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的速度受到市場(chǎng)混亂的影響,這是顯而易見(jiàn)的。(英語(yǔ)中noticeably是副詞,修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞affected,翻譯時(shí)將其當(dāng)作一個(gè)句子來(lái)處理反而符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。)Duringthehalf-hourtalk,thetwosidesexchangedviewsonthechoiceoftermsofpayment.buttheymadenomentionofthemethodoftransportation.譯文:在半小時(shí)的商談中,雙方就付款方式交換了意見(jiàn),但沒(méi)有提到運(yùn)輸方式。(mention是名詞,譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)要變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞。)

4.詞量增減

在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯實(shí)踐中,詞量增減也是很重要的一個(gè)翻譯技巧。翻譯過(guò)程中要根據(jù)原文上下文意思、邏輯關(guān)系以及譯文語(yǔ)言句法特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)習(xí)慣,在翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)增加原文字面沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)但實(shí)際內(nèi)容已包含詞,或者減去原文雖有但譯文語(yǔ)言表達(dá)用不著詞。適當(dāng)增詞、減詞,平衡斷句與并句的關(guān)系英漢語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)、表達(dá)方式、修辭手段不盡,所以為使譯文更加精練,更符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá),有時(shí)需要省略部分詞語(yǔ);而有時(shí)為了使譯清楚,可按意義、修辭和句法的需要在譯文入原文無(wú)其詞而有其意的詞,使譯文更加。同時(shí)也可將原文的一句話分成幾句,或具體情況把兩句話合成一句,及將原文的作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整,這樣做的目的是使譯文的完整準(zhǔn)確。WearepleasedtohavereceivedyourinvitationtothesymposiumonInternet.非常高興收到了參加因特網(wǎng)會(huì)議的邀請(qǐng)。(省去代詞“我們”)。PerhapsyouhaveoverlookedthefactthatyouraccountforJulypurchaseshasnotyetbesettle.譯文:也許您忘了七月份購(gòu)貨帳還沒(méi)有結(jié)。(名詞fact不譯出)。

5.利用語(yǔ)境的作用有的時(shí)候,我們需要借助于語(yǔ)境的因素對(duì)文章進(jìn)行翻譯,換句話說(shuō),在經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)的翻譯中,有時(shí)候需要用直譯,有時(shí)候則需要用意譯,不管是直譯還是意譯都需要根據(jù)翻譯的客觀實(shí)際來(lái)決定,需要根據(jù)上下文、語(yǔ)境等因素決定。直譯難以措辭,或譯出后效果欠佳,即原文不能充分表達(dá)原意或譯文不通順生動(dòng)時(shí)就需要考慮上下文的語(yǔ)境因素從而進(jìn)行意譯,且一定要保證使疑問(wèn)能正確表達(dá)原文內(nèi)容,準(zhǔn)確再現(xiàn)原文的語(yǔ)氣精神,達(dá)到通順流暢。如:Pleaselosenotimeindispatchingourgoods.如果我們直譯這句話:請(qǐng)不要損失一點(diǎn)時(shí)間為我們的發(fā)貨。這樣的翻譯很拗口,不符合特定的經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)境和習(xí)慣,如果我們換種翻譯方法:請(qǐng)立即為我們發(fā)貨。這種譯文就比較地道。

總之,翻譯不但是一種語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換,也是一種文化交流。不僅要求譯者了解英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)和基本的翻譯技巧,也要熟悉兩種文化。因此,需要翻譯者在實(shí)踐中不斷的學(xué)習(xí)和磨練。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]馬.翻譯批評(píng)散論.中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2000.

篇6

Pun is one of the ancient trope, which is now widely used as a rhetorical means in advertisements, literature and drama. It is defined as "the humorous use of a word or words that are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications"[1]. Since pun contains comic and rakish language style which put the advertisement into the most suitable language environment, many advertisers would like to choose the pun as the most important way of expression in advertisements so that they can be more persuasive and touching. However, some discrepancy between different culture and languages sometimes makes pun untranslatable. For all these reasons, pun becomes the most charming but hard nut to crack.

1.1 The definition and features of pun

  

 Pun is defined in Longman Dictionary of the English Language as "a witticism, involving the use of a word with more than one meaning, or of words having the same, or nearly the same sound but different meaning". A hinge is the pun itself, and a trigger refers to the intention and background that lies behind the puns.

1.2Classification of pun

   

As Xu Zhongbing(China) states in The Varieties and Translation of English Puns: "pun can be roughly divided into two parts. They are named paronomasia and antalaclasis[5]". Paronomasia always involves two words, which are similar in pronunciation but different in meaning. As for antalaclasis, it refers to the same word which is used twice or more, but each time it contains different meaning, according to English Writing and Rhetoric written by Prof. Wen Jun, a more specific approach of classification is concluded.. It classifies four categories of pun, that is, homophonic pun, paronomasia, antalaclasis and sylleptic pun.

  Homophonic pun is the use of words, which are identical in pronunciation but different in spellings and meanings. For example, (1)"Make your every hello a real good-buy"(telephone advertisement). Here "buy" reminds people the image of "buy" and "good-bye". The advertiser tries to catch the customers eyes and assure that the purchase of their telephone is sensible..

   Paronomasia involves two words which have similar pronunciation but different meanings. As the beneficial advertisement says that (2)"Drunk drivers often put the quart before the hearse". Here "quart" has similar pronunciation as "cart", while "hearse" has similar pronunciation as "horse". "quart" is a vessel for alcohol and "hearse" is a carriage specially used for conveying the dead to the grave. This pun is used to warn the drivers that drunk driving is dangerous and to remind them of the importance of safe driving.

  Antalaclasis refers to a word used twice or more, but each time with a different meaning. For example, (3)"You need the strongest line of defense against gum disease"(advertisement of JNJ dental floss). It's a common sense that dental floss can keep teeth clean and healthy by defending against gum disease. Here "line" refers to both the material of dental floss and the defensive line against gum disease.

  Sylleptic pun is similar to antalaclasis, but the word is used as a pun only once with two or more different meanings. With sylleptic puns, the advertisement can convey the information in fewer words. For example, (4)"money can not be grown on trees but it blossoms at our branches". This is the advertisement for Lloyd Bank in Britain. "Branch" is a pun and has two meanings: one is in agreement with "trees" in the first sentence, meaning "the arm of a tree"; the other meaning is "division and subsidiary bank". The bank smartly warns consumers that money can not be gained from trees but can be increased continuously once they save money in Lloyd Bank.

2. Function of puns in English advertisement

 While the qualities of advertisements are evaluated, the following values are usually taken into consideration: information value, attention value, aesthetic value and memory value[6]. Information value is the most important of the four. Only when an advertisement i nforms readers of the details of products, such as quality, package and use can make consumers remember the products or be willing to buy them. Otherwise, the potential consumers are easy to be attracted by other products with similar topics and contents. Aesthetic value can create the sense of beauty, which can sometime determine whether the advertisement will succeed. The above three values turn the memory value into reality: to attract the consumers' eyes, to fulfill the purpose of the advertisement, and above all to persuade consumers to buy the products. Advertisers put pun in English advertisement because pun plays an important role in rhetoric and pragmatic areas.

2.1 Rhetoric function

From the rhetoric point of view, a pun is "a figure of speech which consists of similar words or phrases for rhetorical effect, whether humorous or serious"[7]. The pun is basically one of the rhetoric devices that can fulfill this purpose of attracting the attention of readers. A pun is so implicative that it leaves readers so much space for thought and association. The connection between the two respective words or the several relevant meaning conveyed by the same word is able to enrich both the content and the influence of the advertisements. Once the content of advertisement is distinctive with his own brand, it will be easy for the consumer to accept and trust the products the advertisement promotes. As for an advertisement, once attention has been drawn on it, it will merely be a matter of time for consumers to fall in love with it. As the proverb says: “A bit in the morning is better than nothing all day”. Pun is irreplaceable to catch the first eye in advertisements. For example: (5)"Cock refreshes you like no other can". The word "can" may be comprehended literally as "aluminum tin used to contain liquid" while it can also be considered as a modal verb. Therefore, the advertisement can be interpreted in two ways: "Cock refreshes you so greatly that no other drinks can refresh you" or "Cock is able to provide you the number one refreshment than doing other things can achieve. Above all, this advertisement aims to state the function of cock—to bring people the feeling of delight and refreshment.

2.2 Pragmatic function

From the pragmatic point of view, the advertisement with pun can provide information so that the audience can come to know the details of products. Because the use of puns can strength the attention value and direct function of the advertising language, the advertisement with puns inspires the audiences' interest in reading. According to Tanaka, the reason why a pun can cause the interest is that it can create ambiguity, which stimulates the audiences  high on processing and discover the connotation. In this way, reader can remember the advertisement deeply, which the purpose of the advertisement is fulfiled . For example,

(6) Mind your own business? Move it to Milton Hotel.

(7) Milton Hotel is a good location for business.

By the contrast of the above two advertisements, it is easy to discover that the first advertisement, which uses pun, is almost certainly more successful in attracting attention than the second one, which does not contain puns. To some degree, the advertising pun has the great capability of evoking the audiences' attention than other advertisements. In short, the use of the pun ensures that the message is communicated with more "strength".

3. Translation of puns in English advertisement

3.1The importance of pun translation in English advertisement

It is not easy for an advertisement to attract the public's eyes and impress them deeply. While pun can make use of its concise language style, combine the respective meaning of words into a harmonious image, enrich the image that provides the information of advertisement, and ensure the advertisement unique and profound. However, the translation of puns is considered to be extremely difficult. Many people consider puns as "untranslatable". And we have to admit the difficulty in the translation of puns. On the one hand, we must try our best to eliminate the barriers of different culture and language so that we can convey information precisely. On the other hand, we have to make adjustment and break through the limitation of culture and language so as to keep balance of source language and target language. To some degree, it is very crucial to apply dexterous techniques to translate puns in English advertisement. 

3.2Delabastita's theory for translating puns

3.2.1The comment on Delabastita's method for translating puns

 

 According to Chang Namfung,a Chinese scholar, Delabastita’s theory of translating puns is detailed and reasonable. And Delabastita’s ten translation methods can be classified into two categories.[8] The first category aims to emphasize the importance of explaining translated text sufficiently, including translating a pun with a non-pun word, copying the pun word and translating the pun wit h editorial techniques; while the second category aims to emphasize the importance of accepting the essential meaing of translated text, including translating a pun with a pun of different type, omitting the original pun word, translating a non-pun word with a pun word, adding a pun in the translated text. The method of translating a pun with a pun of the same type owns the characteristics of both categories.

  Chang Namfung holds that Delabastita’s translation-method classifications of puns do not own much specificity of language, which means that the classifications are be applicable in some situations, including the translation of puns between European languages as well as the translation between English and Chinese in the rough. He also says that the method for translating puns by copying is an exception, for it is much more used in the translations between Latin languages but less used in the translation between English and Chinese. Therefore, it is reasonable to make use of the advantage of this method and abandon its disadvantage, making the translation of pun easier.

3.2.2 Translation methods of puns on basis of Delabastita's theory

  

Delabastita’s translation-method classification is detailed, but it is thought to be over-elaborated. Besides, from what has been discussed above, it is known that not all the translation methods for puns listed by Delabastita suit the translation of puns from English into Chinese. Therefore, the methods of translating the puns from English into Chinese should be further categorized. On the basis of Delabastita’s theory and some practical examples of translations of puns from English into Chinese, this paper holds that when translators try to translate an English pun into Chinese, the following methods can be adopted: translating a pun with a pun,  and translating a pun with a non-pun word or phrase.

A. Translating a Pun with a Pun

This category of methods for translating puns includes Delabastita’s first three methods, that is, translation of a pun with a pun of the same type, translation of a pun with a pun of different type and translation of a pun with a different pun.

B. Translation of a Pun with a Non-pun Word or Phrase.

This category of methods exist because of the limitations in translation of languages, cultures, customs and the like, especially when two referential meanings of a pun in English can not always be translated into Chinese at the same time. When a formal translation, rather confusing, causes some troubles for target readers, and fails to convey every connotation of the original pun, it would be better for the translator to find and focus on the most important meaning. That is to say, the translated text may have to sacrifice the comparatively minor significant meaning in the original pun.

3.3 Translating techniques of puns in English advertisement

 

Generally speaking, faithfulness and expressiveness are the two common criteria in translation.. "Faithfulness" refers to be faithful in conveying the content and style of original text. The translators should express the original meaning comprehensively and accurately without any important loss. "Expressiveness" means that the version must be clear, distinct and fluent, easy to be understood. Sometimes the expressiveness can only be achieved by sacrificing faithfulness. In fact, the translation of puns is somewhat a contradictory combination. It is a torturing task to decide when to comply with "faithfulness", when to choose "expressiveness" and when to integrate both. Therefore, pun’s untranslatable essence determines what techniques should be adopted in translating puns..    

3.3.1 Fit translation(契合譯法)

  Translating puns is considered as a daunting task because the same type of pun or different pun have to express the double meaning, while the pronunciation, word form and the various meanings of puns have constructed the barriers of translatability of double meaning. But "some puns is not definitely untranslatable, it is possible to combine the source language and the target language"[9]. As we know, no translation is completely equivalent, so it is best to speak of “functional equivalence” in terms of a range of adequacy. Functional equivalence is first called “dynamic equivalence”. In Eugene Nida’s book Toward a Science of Translating, he defines dynamic translation as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message”. (Nida 2001b, 166) On the basis of integrating the two languages, the association-combined translating skill gives attention to both the form and the content of the advertisement. That means to translate the language under the direction of the Functional Equivalence theory. It is the highest criterion of translating pun in English advertisement.

eg: (8)Every kid should have an apple after school.(advertisement of computer)

譯文:每個(gè)孩子都應(yīng)有臺(tái)蘋果牌電腦。

 Here "apple" is a pun, which re fers to one kind of fruit and a brand of computer. Therefore, this advertisement covers two meaning: One implies that children should eat an apple for extra-nutrition after class. The other means that it is more essential to own an apple computer for the children’s pabulum.

 

3.3.2 Semantic difference(分別表義法)

  

Translatability has always been the controversial issue in translation study for a long time. Obviously, some translators take puns as the preferred instance to validate the untranslatability. However, each kind of language has its own specific national history, culture and psychological background; different language system varies in language structure, thought and presentation. By this token, absolute translation equivalence doesn't exist. When translators can not find the corresponding words to express the source language, they are in need of blazing a trail to interpret the puns appropriately.   The method of semantic difference means adopting the flexible way of decomposing the meaning of pun into two levels: surface meaning and underlying meaning. For example:

(9)Try our sweet corn, you'll smile from ear to ear.

譯文:嘗嘗我們的甜玉米,包你樂(lè)的合不攏嘴。

 It is a very successful advertisement of corn. Here the word "ear" has double meanings, "the organ of hearing" and "tassel of corn". Therefore, "from ear to ear" has two contexts: successive corns, and continuous laugh, which can be associated by the products the advertisement promotes and describe people's affection for corn.

   It is reasonable to comprehend the ads like that: tasting the corn makes you good appetite, degusting the corn forces you sweet smile. By composing the one sentence into two levels of meanings and analyzing the two image of "corn", the influence of advertisement is achieved successfully.

Another example:

(10) The unique spirit of Canada.

譯文:別具風(fēng)味的加拿大酒,獨(dú)特的加拿大精神。

Here the word “spirit” makes the advertisement of alcohol lifelike. It can be comprehended in two meanings: firewater and pneuma. Therefore, the double semantic meanings of “spirit” are translated into two parts “酒” and “精神” respectively.

It is worth mentioning that although this method retains the double meanings of pun, it fails to keep the charm of humor and concision of the original pun.

3.3.3 Sets translation(套譯法)

Brown (1994:47) describes the relationship between culture and language as follows: “A language is a part of a culture and a culture is a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture”[10]. Some pun of English advertisement occurs on the basis of certain cultural background. As the development of language, its writing styles and characters are influenced by the culture and it forms the phrases(成語(yǔ)), common sayings(俗語(yǔ)), proverbs(諺語(yǔ)), a two-part allegorical saying(歇后語(yǔ)) and so on. Therefore, the pun can be translated by taking natural mode into consideration. By taking advantage of the natural mode, the translation of pun can play a role of transporting the content of original culture and keeping the concise language character.

For example,

(11)"We take no pride in prejudice".

譯文:對(duì)于您的偏見(jiàn),我們沒(méi)有傲慢。

 This is an excellent sentence used in TIMES, which originated from Jane Austen's word-famous masterpiece named "Pride and Prejudice". By using it for reference, the producer aims to claim that he is unbiased toward anything and determines to be righteous and trustful. According to what people have known in the daily life, they would find the meaning of advertisement familiar and understandable. The advantage of this technique is to transfer the essence of culture and maintain the concise language style of source language while the essence of pun is unable to be expressed completely. Therefore, the target language will lose some humor and tact.

3.3.4 Priority translation(側(cè)重譯法)

  

The unique presentation of pun is not about the combination of the source language and target language, not about the decomposition of the meaning, but about the way of attaching importance to certain part of the version. That means emphasizing the underlying meaning instead of literal meaning. In Eugene Nida’s book Toward a Science of Translating, he defines dynamic translation as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message”[11]. (Nida 2001b, 166) When some advertisements contain several puns, the translator chooses to adopt this means to retain the meaning of source text. In another word, pun turns to be pun-unlike.

For example:

(12) The driver is safer when the road is dry;

The road is safer when the driver is dry.

譯文:路面干燥,司機(jī)安全;司機(jī)清醒,道路安全。

Here "dry" consists of double meaning: 1.without moisture or water  2. not drunk. When translating the advertisement, "dry" applies the surface meaning to the first sentence, the underlying meaning to the second sentence. Therefore, it can be translated like that: the dry road keep the driver safe; the level-headed driver keep the road safe. With such contrast, it is easy to alert the people the importance of safe driving.

The method of priority translation is adopted by translators in most cases when the pun of source language is unable to be explained completely. Although the information of the source language can be transferred in priority, its language is presented in a mild and plain way instead of the humor and wit.

3.3.5 Compensation translation(補(bǔ)償譯法)

  

To some degree, translation means comparing cultures. Translators interpret source-culture phenomena in the light of their own culture-specific knowledge of that culture. A foreign culture can only be perceived by means of comparison with our own culture, the culture of our primary enculturation.

Besides, when the translator interprets one level of meaning but contain uncompleted presentation and content, the compensation is appropriate to overcome the problems by making use of sound or vision. In order to provide the whole content of the advertisements precisely, the assistant of media, such as the picture of television, the voice of radio or other things is necessary. With the help of these, the lost information and content, which is impossible to be conveyed through the language, can now be supplemented and the advertisements are also able to catch audiences' eyes and give them a deep impression.

For example:

(13) OIC

譯文:哦,我看到了。

   This is an advertisement of one well-known brand of glasses. This three letters are the abbreviation of the sentence of “oh, I see”. Besides, the pronunciation of these letters is identical to that of the sentence. The advertiser smartly makes use of visual language as well as auditory language to attract consumers and bring comfort to them. If it is printed in paper media, consumers can easily comprehend it when they notice the shape of these letters, which looks like the shape of the glass. However, the translation of “OIC” can hardly match the English version with the loss of visual function and the pun in pronunciation.

The advantage of the method is that it can make use of auditory language and visual language to make up for the lost information of the advertisements that can not be conveyed by words only. Besides, the form of advertisements can give people deep impression. However, without the help of these compensation means, the advertisements can not play the vested role and can’t make people comprehend precisely.

4.Conclusion

Through the general study of pun and the discussion on its translatability, this thesis holds that to some extent, most of the puns can be translated. However, only some puns can be translated without any loss in the target language. With careless translation, some translated texts of puns even confuse the target readers. Therefore, it is very crucial to have a good acquisition of flexible translating techniques of puns and apply them successfully to English advertisement translation.

Through the analysis of various examples of pun translations, the thesis comes to conclude that the choice of certain translation techniques is greatly determined by the context. When there is an unbalance between source language and target language in their connotation or usages, translators should choose the method of semantic translation, priority translation or compensation translation. When the equivalent dictions can be found in target language and the connotation of the original pun can be reproduced, it is better to adopt the remaining means: fit translation and sets translation.

Acknowledgements

I would like to extend my thanks from the deepest bottom of my heart to those who have provided me useful suggestions to complete this thesis well. I am especially grateful to Miss Fang, my supervisor, who has offered me so much worthy direction and considerate help. Without her close guidance, this thesis would not be what it is now. 

I also would like to express my gratitude to so many classmates who have given me so precise information from library and website. What they have taught me greatly help me learn a lot in my study.

References

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[4] 馮慶華.實(shí)用翻譯教程[M]. 上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,2002.

[5] Xu Zhong Bing, The Varieties and Translation of English Puns[J]. Foreign Language (1996.06)

[6] Eugene A Nida, On Translation[M]. Bejing: China Translation Publishing House, 1984.

[7] Wikipedia, 2007. Answers.com 17 May 2007.

[8]張南峰,Delabastita 的雙關(guān)語(yǔ)翻譯理論在英漢翻譯中的應(yīng)用[J]. 中國(guó)翻譯,2003

[9] Delabastita, Dirk. (ed.). Traductio: Essays on Punning and Translation[M]. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1997. 

[10] Brown, H. D. (1994). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (3rd ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents, 47.

. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

篇7

奈達(dá)認(rèn)為,翻譯不僅僅是語(yǔ)言的轉(zhuǎn)換,更應(yīng)注重這一過(guò)程與文化間的直接或間接的關(guān)聯(lián);而德國(guó)功能學(xué)派在翻譯時(shí)也重視研究文本的類型、翻譯的目的和讀者。在中國(guó),嚴(yán)復(fù)最先提出在翻譯時(shí),應(yīng)該考慮讀者、文本的目的和中國(guó)的社會(huì)狀況等。但是直到近幾年,伴隨著劉宓慶《文化翻譯論綱》的誕生,我國(guó)才形成了初步的文化翻譯理論框架。談及旅游翻譯,其關(guān)鍵在于如何最大限度實(shí)現(xiàn)譯語(yǔ)文化和原語(yǔ)文化在功能上等值以及譯語(yǔ)讀者與原語(yǔ)讀者在接受性上和諧統(tǒng)一。當(dāng)然,這其中還有不少策略值得研究,下面將具體介紹。

2、翻譯策略

2.1直譯,完全保留漢語(yǔ)的指稱意義和句子言內(nèi)意義,求得內(nèi)容與形式相符的方法。如:蘆笛巖是桂林最精彩的巖洞。Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.

2.2音譯+釋義:結(jié)合這兩種方法,既彌補(bǔ)了單純音譯法表意能力差的缺點(diǎn),又在某種程度上避免了一些難譯詞在意譯時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)意誤解、表達(dá)累贅等弊病。如:天涯海角和鹿回頭風(fēng)景點(diǎn) Tianya-Haijiao (the end of earth and the edge of the sea) And Luhuitou (turn-round Deer)scenic spots.

2.3增譯:它是指增添適當(dāng)?shù)睦斫庠乃匦璧谋尘爸R(shí),如歷史事件發(fā)生年代,名人身份及其在歷史上的貢獻(xiàn)名勝古跡所蘊(yùn)含的建筑文化、歷史典故等。中國(guó)五千多年的悠久歷史賦予了旅游文化豐富的內(nèi)容,古老神秘的東方文化是吸引許多國(guó)外游客來(lái)華旅游的重要原因。但是,英文讀者因文化差異,對(duì)富含文化背景的譯文往往難以理解。因此,在進(jìn)行旅游文本英譯時(shí),譯者應(yīng)該增加相應(yīng)的文化背景解釋,努力將原文中的特色文化傳達(dá)到譯文中,以滿足國(guó)外游客對(duì)中國(guó)文化的好奇心理,從而吸引更多的游客。如:“楊貴妃”可譯為Yang Guifei, favorite concubine of a Tang emperor;“黃帝陵”可譯為the Tomb of Huangdi (Yellow Emperor), the first Chinese emperor;“諸葛亮”可譯為:Zhuge Liang, the Prime Minister of the Shu Kingdom. 這樣一來(lái),沒(méi)有中國(guó)歷史文化底蘊(yùn)的外國(guó)游客也可以清楚地了解旅游資料中所傳達(dá)的信息。

2.4減譯:漢語(yǔ)常用修辭來(lái)潤(rùn)色從而顯得同義重復(fù),這與英語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)練形成鮮明對(duì)比。在翻譯旅游資料時(shí),沒(méi)有必要將描寫性詞語(yǔ)一一譯出,可以適當(dāng)刪減,保持內(nèi)容和意思完整準(zhǔn)確即可。如:奇特秀麗的海景、山景和石景,海山相連,相得益彰,蔚為奇觀Wonders of nature---hills, the sea and rocks present a splendid sight. 原文用用了3個(gè)四字成語(yǔ)來(lái)描繪這兒的美景,如“海山相連”、“相得益彰”、“蔚為奇觀。但在西方人眼里,這些四字格缺乏實(shí)際內(nèi)容,夸張有余而真實(shí)感不足。因此,譯者將這些虛化朦朧的四字結(jié)構(gòu)省略,只譯出原文主要內(nèi)容,使譯文景物描寫真實(shí)客觀,符合英語(yǔ)讀者的審美習(xí)慣。

2.5類比:對(duì)于外國(guó)游客不了解的相關(guān)知識(shí),采用英語(yǔ)文化中相似的內(nèi)容來(lái)譯。

紐馬克在A Textbook of Translation一書中提到了文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯方法,即用譯入語(yǔ)中的文化負(fù)載詞翻譯原語(yǔ)中的文化負(fù)載詞。由于文化背景不同,互相替換的兩種文化負(fù)載詞很難說(shuō)完全對(duì)應(yīng),但它們之間確實(shí)存在某種程度的對(duì)應(yīng)。所以在旅游文本中用類比法能使譯入語(yǔ)讀者更容易接受,文本的呼喚功能也更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。如:濟(jì)公劫富濟(jì)窮,深受窮人喜歡。Jigong, Robin Hood in China, robbed the rich and helped the poor, he was loved deeply by the poor.

類比其實(shí)是一種變通手法,可以更便利地向外國(guó)游客介紹旅游文本中中國(guó)文化所特有的年代、地名、人名或事件,可以使游客將陌生事物與自己文化中對(duì)應(yīng)的事物聯(lián)系起來(lái),便于理解和交流。這一方法對(duì)于譯本的可接受性很有幫助,但是如果從文化傳播的角度考慮,類比淡化了中國(guó)文化特色,應(yīng)該是在增譯法行不通的情況下才采取的一種方法。

篇8

關(guān)鍵詞:電影翻譯;文化意象;寓意;重構(gòu);修潤(rùn);轉(zhuǎn)換

中國(guó)的電影翻譯事業(yè)已走過(guò)了五十多年輝煌的歷程。在這半個(gè)世紀(jì)中,電影翻譯工作者給廣大觀眾奉獻(xiàn)出了許多優(yōu)秀的譯制片,觀眾從這些優(yōu)秀的譯制片中不僅領(lǐng)略、了解到了異國(guó)的風(fēng)土人情,同時(shí)也感受到了語(yǔ)言給人帶來(lái)的無(wú)窮魅力。許多優(yōu)秀譯制片中的精彩對(duì)白已成為中國(guó)觀眾爭(zhēng)相傳誦的佳句。如“面包會(huì)有的,一切都會(huì)有的”。(前蘇聯(lián)影片《列寧在一九一八》)曾鼓舞了幾代身處逆境中的中國(guó)觀眾。由此可見(jiàn),電影作為大眾傳媒,其社會(huì)效應(yīng)是無(wú)可估量的。然而,在學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),由于受世俗偏見(jiàn)的影響,電影翻譯研究卻頗受冷落,翻譯研究人員似乎“完全把這一領(lǐng)域給忽略了?!盵1](P99)為此,我國(guó)著名影視翻譯界學(xué)者錢紹昌教授撰文指出:“翻譯界對(duì)影視翻譯的重視遠(yuǎn)不如文學(xué)翻譯?!倍@“與影視翻譯的社會(huì)作用不相稱。這一現(xiàn)象亟應(yīng)引起翻譯界的注意?!盵2](P61)鑒于此,本文擬從語(yǔ)言的角度來(lái)探討電影翻譯中文化意象的重構(gòu)、修潤(rùn)與轉(zhuǎn)換。

一、語(yǔ)言與文化意象

語(yǔ)言(Language)不僅是人類思想感情表達(dá)與交流的工具,而且是文化的組成部分,是文化的載體。語(yǔ)言能真切地反映一個(gè)國(guó)家、一個(gè)民族的生態(tài)地域、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、物質(zhì)文化、、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等。不同的語(yǔ)言決定了不同民族的不同思維方式,行為方式以及語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式。語(yǔ)言在有聲電影中是必不可少的組成部分,因?yàn)槁暜嬐降囊暵犓囆g(shù)手段能最大程度地模擬現(xiàn)實(shí),創(chuàng)造出酷似“真實(shí)”的藝術(shù)時(shí)空。如中國(guó)觀眾非常熟悉的《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》、《王子復(fù)仇記》、《葉塞尼亞》等優(yōu)秀譯制片中那玲瓏別致、清晰明亮、頗具異國(guó)風(fēng)情的語(yǔ)言,逼真、自然、隨意,充滿了生活氣息。因而這些精彩的對(duì)白、片段令人百聽不厭,久久不能忘懷,它們留給觀眾余韻不盡的美的享受。文化意象(Cultureimage)是“一種文化符號(hào),它具有了相對(duì)固定的獨(dú)特的文化含義,有的還帶有豐富的意義,深遠(yuǎn)的聯(lián)想,人們只要一提到它們,彼此間立刻心領(lǐng)神會(huì),很容易達(dá)到思想溝通?!盵3](P184)物象(Physicalimage)與寓意(Connotation)是意象(Image)的兩個(gè)重要的組成部分。物象是信息意義的載體,是形成意象的客觀事實(shí);寓意是物象在一定語(yǔ)言文化環(huán)境中的引伸意義。意象的功能即能在不同的語(yǔ)境中,“以具體來(lái)表現(xiàn)抽象,以已知或易知來(lái)啟迪未知或難知?!盵4](P137)如宋代大詩(shī)人蘇軾在其著名的“前赤壁賦”中用蜉蝣這種朝生暮死的小昆蟲來(lái)比喻人生的短暫,人很渺小:“寄蜉蝣于天地,渺滄海之一粟。”[5](P509)英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)Itisthelaststrawthatbreaksthecamel’sback.[6](P1578)意為“駱駝負(fù)載過(guò)重時(shí),再加上一根稻草也會(huì)把它壓死?!敝V語(yǔ)中意象詞語(yǔ)thelaststraw“最后一根稻草”,生動(dòng)形象地寓意為“某事或某物使人到了忍無(wú)可忍的極點(diǎn)?!?/p>

二、重構(gòu)文化意象

譯制片又稱翻譯片,顧名思義,一些國(guó)外優(yōu)秀的影片必須通過(guò)翻譯方能為中國(guó)觀眾所接受。電影翻譯與其它文學(xué)作品翻譯具有共同性,即用形象化的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)形象思維中高超的藝術(shù)意境。但電影翻譯又有區(qū)別于其它翻譯的特殊性,即其譯文要做到能見(jiàn)之于文,形之于聲,達(dá)之于觀眾。著名翻譯家Nida指出:“語(yǔ)言是文化的一部分,任何文本的意義都直接或是間接地反映一個(gè)相應(yīng)的文化,詞語(yǔ)意義最終也只能在其相應(yīng)的文化中找到?!薄拔幕牟煌瑤缀鹾茏匀坏伢w現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言上的不相同?!盵7](P28)

漢語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)分屬兩大不同的語(yǔ)系。漢語(yǔ)是象形文字而英語(yǔ)是一種字母文字。要在這兩種截然不同的語(yǔ)際間進(jìn)行成功切換,這對(duì)電影翻譯工作者來(lái)說(shuō)不是件易事。但研究表明老一代電影翻譯工作者不僅給觀眾留下了許多耐人尋味的優(yōu)秀譯制片,同時(shí)也給電影翻譯研究留下了不少值得研究的課題。筆者80年代初第一次在電視上看到英國(guó)電影RedShoes播放時(shí)被譯成“紅舞鞋”,覺(jué)得也無(wú)可厚非。此片主要講述了英國(guó)一名芭蕾演員面對(duì)愛(ài)情與事業(yè)而不能作出正確抉擇,最終走向斷崖的凄惋的故事。盡管“紅舞鞋”正確無(wú)誤地譯出了英文的原意,也緊扣劇情,但直譯的平鋪直敘,沒(méi)有更深的寓意。觀眾如果光看片名,確實(shí)難以激起任何聯(lián)想的波瀾。80年代后期,在一次外國(guó)優(yōu)秀影片巡回展的大幅廣告上RedShoes這部英國(guó)影片片名被譯成了“紅菱艷”,細(xì)細(xì)品味“紅菱艷”這一譯文,譯者把那雙纖巧的紅舞鞋比作了中國(guó)觀眾婦孺皆知的紅菱。它寓意紅菱雖生長(zhǎng)于濁水污泥,卻嬌艷迷人,特別是那兩只彎彎的紅菱角,猶如中國(guó)古代女子的三寸金蓮,三寸金蓮雖然小巧,但凝聚了多少女子的血淚,有的甚至為之付出了生命的代價(jià)。因此“紅菱艷”這一片名隱含穿著如紅菱般舞鞋的艷麗卻薄命。

譯者把這一極具中國(guó)文化特色的文化意象“紅菱”注入其翻譯中,從而成功地重構(gòu)了一幅為廣大中國(guó)觀眾所熟悉、能會(huì)意、肯接受的嶄新的文化意象。文化意象重構(gòu)(ReconstructionofCultureImage)這一巧奪天工的翻譯手法在電影翻譯中隨處可見(jiàn)。如美國(guó)電影WaterlooBridge這一片名原意為“滑鐵盧橋”。眾所周知,1817年英國(guó)在泰晤士河上出資建造了滑鐵盧橋,以此來(lái)紀(jì)念威靈頓公爵指揮英國(guó)軍隊(duì)打敗拿破侖而取得的滑鐵盧戰(zhàn)役的勝利。如果依據(jù)英文直譯成“滑鐵盧橋”,乍一看,觀眾定會(huì)認(rèn)為這是部與拿破侖打仗有關(guān)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)片或介紹與該橋建筑有關(guān)的紀(jì)錄片。但看過(guò)此片的觀眾都知道這是一部感人至深的愛(ài)情片。

影片描繪了第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,年輕漂亮的女演員瑪拉在滑鐵盧橋上結(jié)識(shí)了青年軍官羅依,并成了戀人。而后,瑪拉獲悉羅依戰(zhàn)死疆場(chǎng),痛不欲生,為了生存淪落為妓。當(dāng)羅依奇跡般地出現(xiàn)時(shí),她無(wú)法面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí),為了愛(ài)情和名譽(yù),她再次來(lái)到與羅依初戀的地方,喪生在車輪滾滾的滑鐵盧大橋上。

在中國(guó)幾千年的文化史中,有著許多與之相仿的神話傳說(shuō)。如牛郎織女的“鵲橋相會(huì)”,陜西省藍(lán)田縣一年一度的“藍(lán)橋相會(huì)”等。而“藍(lán)橋相會(huì)”的傳說(shuō)與WaterlooBridge故事情節(jié)有著許多異曲同工之處。所以譯者把原名“滑鐵盧橋”譯成了“魂斷藍(lán)橋”,這樣做不僅避開了中國(guó)觀眾由于地城文化差異、歷史背景知識(shí)缺乏而引起的迷域;而且“藍(lán)橋”這一隱含中國(guó)文化的意象能使觀眾一看到片名即刻領(lǐng)悟到這是部關(guān)于愛(ài)情的電影。電影翻譯中文化意象重構(gòu)的意義在于它能及時(shí)有效地達(dá)到使譯文與觀眾勾通,使觀眾心領(lǐng)神會(huì)的效果,由此來(lái)吸引廣大的影迷,創(chuàng)造譯制片票房紀(jì)錄的新高。仔細(xì)認(rèn)真研究電影翻譯中文化意象重構(gòu)這樣的翻譯手法會(huì)不時(shí)令人拍案稱奇。

三、文化意象的修潤(rùn)

由于中外觀眾知識(shí)面及文化背景等方面存在著巨大的差異,電影翻譯工作者應(yīng)盡可能地幫助觀眾去理解那些與一個(gè)民族的歷史、地域文化、宗教習(xí)俗等有著密切相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。電影翻譯中如果對(duì)某些特定文化意象不作任何修潤(rùn)(ModificationofCulturalImage)處理,就事論事直譯,會(huì)造成這一文化意象的缺損,文化涵義支離破碎。英國(guó)電影《魂斷藍(lán)橋》[8]一開始,有這樣一段畫外音:Announceer’sVoice:At11:15thismorning,thePrimeMinisteer,speakingtothenationfromNumbeerTenDowningStreet,announcedthatGreatBritainisatwarwithGermany.

廣播員的聲音:今天上午11點(diǎn)15分,首相在唐寧街10號(hào)向全國(guó)發(fā)表了講話,宣布英國(guó)與德國(guó)處于交戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)。應(yīng)該指出此例忠實(shí)地譯出了原文的字面層意義。但對(duì)“唐寧街10號(hào)”這一隱含文化意象地名不作些補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的話,相信絕大多數(shù)中國(guó)普通觀眾會(huì)茫然不知其所云。其一、觀眾不知道這個(gè)“唐寧街10號(hào)”在什么地方?其二、他們更不知道廣播員在這里特地提及這個(gè)地名有何特別的寓意?為了使電影譯文能在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)之于廣大觀眾。譯者宜對(duì)上述譯文作恰如其分的增補(bǔ)修潤(rùn),如:

今天上午11點(diǎn)15分,首相在唐寧街10號(hào)———英國(guó)首相府邸向全國(guó)發(fā)表了講話,宣布英國(guó)與德國(guó)處于交戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)。

通過(guò)增補(bǔ)“英國(guó)首相府邸”,觀眾這才真正認(rèn)識(shí)到了“唐寧街10號(hào)”的“廬山真面目”。至此,“唐寧街10號(hào)”所隱含的意象立體地展現(xiàn)在觀眾的面前,觀眾才真正懂得具有典型地起域文化地名“唐寧街10號(hào)”的全部文化內(nèi)涵。又如:

Peter:Oh,this?Well,IlikeprivacywhenIretire.Yes,I’mverydelicateinthatrespect.Pryingeyeeeesannoyme.BeholdthewallsofJerichho!Err,maybenotaaasthickaastheonesthatJoshuablewdownwithhistrumpet.Ijustshowyoumyheart’sintherightplace,I’llgiveyoumybestpairofpajamas.DoyoumindjoiningtheIsraelites?

彼得:這個(gè)嗎?我休息的時(shí)候不想被別人干擾,在那方面我很敏感,不想被別人偷看。你看這耶利哥城墻,比不上約書亞用號(hào)角吹倒的墻厚,卻比它安全多了。你看,我沒(méi)有號(hào)角,為了表示我的公正無(wú)私,我把我那套最好的睡衣交給你用吧。你不想做以色列人嗎?

此例選自英國(guó)電影《一夜風(fēng)流》[9]。這段對(duì)白譯文非常具有代表性,因?yàn)樵谶@段譯文中出現(xiàn)了“耶利哥城墻,約書亞,以色列人”這三個(gè)與《圣經(jīng)》歷史故事有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)。眾所周知,東方盛行佛教,尤其是在中國(guó),中國(guó)觀眾對(duì)佛教還可略知一二,而對(duì)西方文化,特別是西方宗教歷史文化就知之甚少了。因而在影片切換的瞬間讓中國(guó)觀眾把上述三者的關(guān)系聯(lián)系起來(lái)是件難事,他們會(huì)搞不懂這“耶利哥城墻”、“約書亞”、“以色列人”之間究竟是什么關(guān)系。直譯用于上述譯文中不僅令中國(guó)觀眾丈二和尚摸不著頭腦,同時(shí)也失去了電影翻譯的真正意義。

為使中國(guó)觀眾明白這三個(gè)詞語(yǔ)間的關(guān)系,使原文中所涉及的那些特殊文化意象豐滿起來(lái),譯者應(yīng)在電影翻譯過(guò)程中對(duì)這段文字作如下潤(rùn)色:

彼得:這個(gè)嗎?我休息的時(shí)候不想被別人干擾,在那方面我很敏感,不想被別人偷看。你看這像《圣經(jīng)》中的耶利哥城墻,雖比不上《圣經(jīng)》里以色列人的軍長(zhǎng)約書亞用號(hào)角吹倒的墻厚,卻比它安全多了。你看,我沒(méi)有號(hào)角,為了表示我的公正無(wú)私,我把我那套最好的睡衣交給你用吧。你不想做以色列人嗎?

由于對(duì)“耶利哥城墻”、“約書亞”、“以色列人”這些出自《圣經(jīng)》故事的詞語(yǔ)增補(bǔ)了必要的文化涵義修潤(rùn)詞后,觀眾不僅了解了這些“典故”的出處,同時(shí)在上下語(yǔ)境中也弄明白了最后一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)“以色列人”的特定意指。修潤(rùn)增強(qiáng)了語(yǔ)言文字在語(yǔ)境中的透明度;增強(qiáng)了文化意象在觀眾認(rèn)識(shí)理解中的清晰度。

四、文化意象的轉(zhuǎn)換

語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為世界上各族人看到的同一客觀現(xiàn)象,不同的民族語(yǔ)言會(huì)給它“刷上不同的顏色”。緣于此,文化意象的錯(cuò)位(NonequivalenceofCultureImage)會(huì)具體表現(xiàn)為作為喻體的文化意象上的差異。換言之,在一種文化傳統(tǒng)中一個(gè)具有正面寓意的美好文化意象在另一種文化里卻成了反面寓意的丑陋文化意象。如英國(guó)電影《呼嘯山莊》[10]中有這樣一個(gè)片斷:

Isabella:It’sabrother’sduty,dearEdgaar,tointroducehissisteertosomeothertypethanfopsandpaleyoungpoets.

Edgar:Oh,youwantadragon?

Isabella:Yes,Ido.Withafierymustache.

依莎貝拉:這是一個(gè)哥哥的義務(wù),親愛(ài)的埃得加,你總不能把自己的妹妹介紹給那些花花公子或弱不禁風(fēng)的年輕詩(shī)人吧。埃得加:哦,你該不是想嫁一個(gè)龍騎兵吧?

篇9

失地農(nóng)民的出現(xiàn)是社會(huì)發(fā)展注重效率的必然結(jié)果,其再就業(yè)安置則體現(xiàn)了社會(huì)公平的程度。隨著人類對(duì)于自然界的認(rèn)識(shí)及改造能力的增強(qiáng),追求效率的結(jié)果是以群居為特征的城市的出現(xiàn)及社會(huì)城市化進(jìn)程的加快。這是以占有原農(nóng)村土地為代價(jià)的,因此就產(chǎn)生了大量的失地農(nóng)民。所以說(shuō)失地農(nóng)民的出現(xiàn)是社會(huì)追求效率的必然結(jié)果。另一方面農(nóng)民失去了土地,也就失去了原來(lái)賴以生存的手段;而且其整體文化素質(zhì)不高,參政能力有待提高,這就決定了失地農(nóng)民在社會(huì)上處于弱勢(shì)群體的地位。社會(huì)公平就是要解決社會(huì)上弱勢(shì)群體的平等地位。從反方面來(lái)看,如果沒(méi)有很好的解決失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置問(wèn)題,失地農(nóng)民很容易成為社會(huì)發(fā)展的消極因素,進(jìn)而影響社會(huì)效率的提高。

政府作為執(zhí)行公共權(quán)力的主體,在維護(hù)公平方面,起主導(dǎo)作用。其主要通過(guò)建立和實(shí)施相關(guān)制度,用它來(lái)規(guī)范社會(huì)中行為主體人的行為,維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序。

政府在促進(jìn)就業(yè)中應(yīng)承擔(dān)的職責(zé)包括以下幾個(gè)方面:提供就業(yè)政策,建立健全就業(yè)相關(guān)法規(guī)制度;為就業(yè)者提供公平的就業(yè)環(huán)境,完善就業(yè)服務(wù)體系;充分發(fā)揮比較優(yōu)勢(shì),搞好產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,多渠道、多層次、多形式開發(fā)就崗位;為失業(yè)者提供社會(huì)保障,以保證失業(yè)者在就業(yè)前的基本生活。

研究發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在城市化進(jìn)程中對(duì)失業(yè)農(nóng)民的安置過(guò)程,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),各國(guó)政府都積極的發(fā)揮作用:通過(guò)立法制定嚴(yán)格的法律、法規(guī)及相應(yīng)政策,盡量保護(hù)農(nóng)民利益;用工廠和農(nóng)場(chǎng)來(lái)吸收剩余勞動(dòng)力,加強(qiáng)就業(yè)培訓(xùn)、利用多種途徑促使剩余勞動(dòng)力的就業(yè);設(shè)立失地農(nóng)民社會(huì)保障,降低他們的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

通過(guò)對(duì)長(zhǎng)春市凈月潭旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)區(qū)的失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置問(wèn)題的實(shí)地研究,比較我國(guó)其它地區(qū)失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置情況,目前在無(wú)統(tǒng)一的政策規(guī)定的情況下,各級(jí)地方政府采取的就業(yè)安置模式主要有:浙江模式,以土地?fù)Q保障為中心的以商業(yè)化運(yùn)作為特點(diǎn)的多渠道多形式的就業(yè)安置模式;咸嘉的“留地集中安置,綜合開發(fā)建設(shè)”模式;南海的集體土地股份制模式;以杭州和山東為代表的開發(fā)性安置模式。綜合來(lái)看,各種安置模式都存在一些共性的問(wèn)題:如目前各地幾乎還沒(méi)有真正建立失地農(nóng)民的社會(huì)保障制度,保障方式單一,水平過(guò)低;政府沒(méi)有履行其應(yīng)盡的職責(zé);制度方面不能有效的保證失地農(nóng)民的權(quán)益;以土地?fù)Q社保的模式強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出了保障,但對(duì)就業(yè)能力的提高,再就業(yè)的安置關(guān)注不夠等等。

在失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置過(guò)程中農(nóng)民自身存在的問(wèn)題主要包括:文化素質(zhì)和勞動(dòng)技能偏低;自身的適應(yīng)性較差,在思想、觀念上沒(méi)有做好充分的準(zhǔn)備去適應(yīng)這種非農(nóng)轉(zhuǎn)變;農(nóng)民缺乏捍衛(wèi)自身權(quán)益的思想意識(shí),不知道如何利用法律武器保護(hù)自己;農(nóng)民組織化程度空前弱化,農(nóng)民基本上喪失自我保護(hù)能力;失地農(nóng)民中的“弱勢(shì)群體”的生活難問(wèn)題尤為突出。

在失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置過(guò)程中政府存在的問(wèn)題包括:1、政府責(zé)任錯(cuò)位:政府沒(méi)有更好的為被征地者提供生活基礎(chǔ)—補(bǔ)償安置款;政府對(duì)提高失地農(nóng)就業(yè)能力和再就業(yè)的安置關(guān)注不夠;個(gè)別政府和商家勾結(jié),犧牲農(nóng)民利益以謀取私利。2、由政府失職導(dǎo)致的制度缺失表現(xiàn)在:制度有效供給不足一一失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置法律法規(guī)不完善,相關(guān)政策落實(shí)不到位;土地征用補(bǔ)償制度不合理,監(jiān)督機(jī)制不健全,補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用被基層政權(quán)截留;社會(huì)保障制度缺失。

為解決上述問(wèn)題,政府在對(duì)失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置的過(guò)程中要做到:1,政府要保證有效制度供給:首先要制定符合失地農(nóng)民特點(diǎn)的社會(huì)保障制度;其次要完善征地制度及相關(guān)法律法規(guī),保護(hù)被征地農(nóng)民利益;再次,政府要提高自身執(zhí)法水平保證各項(xiàng)制度法規(guī)的有效落實(shí)。2、政府有責(zé)任指導(dǎo)失地農(nóng)民的再就業(yè)。3、政府要從多方面幫助失地農(nóng)民實(shí)現(xiàn)再就業(yè):首先要完善失地農(nóng)民就業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)制和體系,幫助失地農(nóng)民提高勞動(dòng)技能;其次制定適合失地農(nóng)民特點(diǎn)的就業(yè)促進(jìn)政策,多創(chuàng)造崗位,扶持失地農(nóng)民逐步致富;再次建立完善的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)體系,營(yíng)造健康的就業(yè)環(huán)境。另外,為更好地解決失地農(nóng)民再就業(yè)安置問(wèn)題,還應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)機(jī)制優(yōu)勢(shì),并提高農(nóng)民自我維權(quán)水平。

英文:

Atpresent,wehavetofacetheseriousproblemhowtofindjobsforthepeasantswholosttheirlandintheprocessofurbanizationinchina.Therefore,itisoftheoreticalvalueandrealisticmeaningcarryingonthetheoreticalanalysisandpracticalinvestigationtotheproblem.Thepaperanalysesobjectivelyandexpoundthedutyofthegovernmentandthemarketintheprocessofthereemploymentandsettlementaboutthepeasantswholosttheirland,andpointsoutreemploymentandsettlementofpeasantswhothegovernment''''sdutyduringlosttheirterritories,andbringsrelevantsuggestionswhich,Ihope,maybefavorabletoresolvetheproblemandconstructionofsocialistharmonioussocietyinChinathroughtheexperiencesbothathomeandabroadaboutthereemploymentandsettlementaboutthepeasantswholosttheirterritories.

Itisaninevitableoutcomeforustopayattentiontoefficiencyinsocialdevelopmentthatthepeasantslosttheirterritorytakesplace.Itreflectsthedegreeoffairnessinoursocietythattheyhasbeenreemployedandsettleddown.Withmankind''''sdevelopmentoftheabilitytounderstandandtransformnature,theresultofpursuingefficiencybringsaboutappearanceofthecitywiththecharacteristicoflivingingroupsandquickeningtheprocessofthesocialurbanization.Thisisatthecostofoccupyingtheoriginalruralland,whichmakesalargenumberofpeasantslosttheirterritories.

Therefore,itisaforegoneconclusionforthesocietytopursueefficiencythatthepeasantslosttheirland.Itsuggeststhatthepeasantslosttheirterritoriesmeanthattheylosttheoriginalwaytheydependonforexistence.Th

epooreducationofthewholepeasantsgetandtheabilitytoparticipateingovernmentandpoliticalaffairsneedsdeveloping,allofwhichdeterminethepositionofdisadvantagedgroupsinthesocietythatthepeasantslostterritorieshavetobe.Afairsocietyshouldjustsolvetheproblemoftheequalfooting,whichthedisadvantagedgroupsinthesocietyshouldget.

Otherwise,thepeasantsoflostterritoryareveryapttobecomethenegativefactorofsocialdevelopment,whichwillbeabadinfluenceontheimprovementofsocialefficiency,iftheproblemofreemployingandsettlingdownthepeasantsoflostterritoryissolvednotverywell.

Asthesubjectofcarryingoutpubicpower,thegovernmentplaysaleadingroleinkeepingfairness.Itstandardizesthebehavioralagents''''behaviorinsocietybythewaytosetupandadministerrelevantsystems,andkeepsthecivilorder.

dutythatthegovernmentshouldtakeinpromotingemploymentincludestherespectsasfollows:Firstly,offertheemploymentpolicies,setupandperfecttherelevantlawsandregulationsonemployment;Secondly,offerthefairemploymentenvironmenttoemployees,perfectservicesystemofemployment;Thirdly,givefullplaytocomparativeadvantage,dowellinindustrialrestructuring,tryhardtocreatetheopeningsbythemultifacetedways;Finally,offerthesocialsecuritytothejobless,soastoensuretheirbasiclifebeforetheyareemployed.

Studyingtheprocessoffindingplacesfortheunemployedpeasantsintheprocessofurbanizationinthedevelopedcountry,we''''vefoundthatthegovernmentsofvariouscountriesallshaveplayedtheroleofactivesupport.Throughlegislatingtomakethestrictlawsandregulationsandcorrespondingpolicies,whichtrytheirbesttoprotecttheinterestsofthepeasants;Absorbthesurpluslabor,strengthenemploymenttraining,impelthesurpluslaborerstobeemployedbyasmanywaysaspossible;Setupthesocialsecurityforthepeasantsoflostterritoryandreducetheirrisk.

Throughon-the-spotresearchesonthesettlementoftheproblemofpeasantswholosttheirterritoriesinChangchunJingyuetanTourist&EconomicDevelopmentZone,comparingthesituationsofreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesinotherareasofourcountry,underthesituationthatthereisnounifiedpoliciesandregulationsatpresent,themainreemploymentandsettlementmodesofthelocalgovernmentsareasfollows:ThemodeofZhejiang,themulti-channelandmultiformmodesofreemploymentandsettlement,takesexchanginglandforsocialsecurityaskeyandtakescommercializedoperationasitscharacteristics;themodeof"reservinglandforintegratesettlement,comprehensivedevelopmentandconstruction"hasbeenusedinXianjia;theshareholdingmodeofcollectivelandinNanhai;thetypicalcreativemodesinHangzhouCityandShandong.Ingeneral,therearesomeproblemsincommonamongthesesettlementmodes,suchasalmostnorealsocialsecuritysystemforthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesatpresenthasbeenmadeandmeanwhile,thewaysofsocialsecurityistoosimpleandfarfromperfect;thegovernmentdoesn''''tdoitsdutywhichitoughttodo;itcan''''teffectivelysecuretherightsandinterestsofpeasantswholosttheirterritories.Themodeofexchanginglandforsocialsecurityemphasizesthesocialsecurity,butdoesn''''tpayenoughattentiontotheimprovementofemploymentabilityandthearrangementofreemploying,etc.

Duringthereemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritories,thepeasantshavetheirownproblemsandtheyaremainly:education,laborskillspoor;andtheirownadaptabilityarepoor;theymakenofullpreparationforfacingthechangefromagriculturaltonon-agriculturallaborerintheconceptorideas.Peasantshavenotheideologyofdefendingtheirownrightsandinterests,don''''tknowhowtousetheweaponsoflawtoprotectthemselves;thepeasant''''sorganizationisweakenedinunprecedentedway,peasantsloseself-protectionabilitybasically;theproblemsofhardtoliveforthe"disadvantagedgroups"amongthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesareparticularlyserious.

Intheprocessofthereemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheir

territoriesthegovernmenthastheproblemsasfollows:1.improperpositionofthegovernment''''sresponsibilities:thegovernmentdoesn''''tprovidethepeasantswhoselandisacquiredwithbetterlivingcondition-compensationforsettlement;thegovernmentdoesn''''tpayenoughattentiontoimprovingtheabilityofemploymentandreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirland;somegovernmentsandbusinessmencollaboratewitheachotherandencroachupontheinterestsofthepeasantstoseekpersonalgain.2.thegovernmentneglectsitsdutytocausethelackofinstitutionasfollows:theinsufficientoftheinstitutionaleffectivesupply-theimperfectofthelawsandregulationsonthereemploymentandsettlementofpeasantswholosttheirterritoriesandrelevantpoliciesarenotfullyimplemented;theinstitutionoflandacquisitioncompensationisunreasonable,supervisionmechanismisnotperfect,compensationexpensesarekeptbythepoliticalauthorityatroot-level;thesocialsecuritysystemislacked.

篇10

關(guān)鍵詞:翻譯學(xué);翻譯理論;翻譯實(shí)踐;描寫性研究

Abstract:Nida’sideasontranslationhavegreatinfluenceonChinesetranslationscholars.Hisrecentstatement-”Myideashavechangedsubstantially”-willsurelyhaveanegativeimpactonthedevelopmentoftranslationstudiesinChina.Thispaperaimsatanalyzing,fromthreeperspectives,thereasonsforNida’schangeofviewsontranslation.Itwillalsogiveare-evaluationofthepositionandroleoftranslationtheoriesintranslationstudies,aswellasexploretherelationoftheoryandpractice.

Keywords:translationstudies;translationtheories;translationpractice;descriptivestudy

一、奈達(dá)思想的轉(zhuǎn)變及對(duì)我國(guó)譯界的影響

奈達(dá)博士是西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)翻譯理論學(xué)派的代表人物之一,經(jīng)過(guò)五十多年的翻譯實(shí)踐與理論研究,取得了豐碩的成果。至今他已發(fā)表了40多部專著,250余篇論文。自八十年代初奈達(dá)的理論介紹入中國(guó)以來(lái),到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)代西方理論中被介紹的最早、最多、影響最大的理論?!八墓?jī)?cè)谟冢?、把信息論與符號(hào)學(xué)引進(jìn)了翻譯理論,提出了‘動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等’的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn);2、把現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)的最新研究成果應(yīng)用到翻譯理論中來(lái);3、在翻譯史上第一個(gè)把社會(huì)效益(讀者反應(yīng))原則納入翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中。”(周儀、羅平,1999:32-33)尤其是他的動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等理論,一舉打破中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)譯論中靜態(tài)分析翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的局面,提出了開放式的翻譯理論原則,為我們建立新的理論模式找到了正確的方向。國(guó)內(nèi)無(wú)數(shù)翻譯理論研究者與翻譯教師對(duì)之趨之若鶩,中國(guó)翻譯界形成了“言必稱奈達(dá)的局面”。這些現(xiàn)象足以表明奈達(dá)在中國(guó)譯界中的地位。

奈達(dá)本人對(duì)其理論進(jìn)行了不斷修改與發(fā)展,從描寫語(yǔ)言學(xué)階段到交際理論階段,進(jìn)而發(fā)展到社會(huì)符號(hào)學(xué)階段。對(duì)理論進(jìn)行不斷的修改與深入,這是理論研究的一條必然的道路。然而仔細(xì)分析我們即可看出,奈達(dá)最根本的變化還是在對(duì)待翻譯學(xué)的態(tài)度上。1964年奈達(dá)在其著作“TowardaScienceofTranslating”中旗幟鮮明地打出了翻譯科學(xué)的旗號(hào);在1974年,《翻譯理論與實(shí)踐》中認(rèn)為“翻譯遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不僅是一門科學(xué),也是一門技術(shù),而且真正理想的翻譯說(shuō)到底是一門藝術(shù)”;1991年“翻譯的可能與不可能”一文中說(shuō)道,“我們不應(yīng)把翻譯變成一門科學(xué)……大多數(shù)成就顯著、富于創(chuàng)造精神的翻譯家很少用得著、或者根本用不著翻譯理論……”。在“與奈達(dá)的一次翻譯筆談”(見(jiàn)張經(jīng)浩,《中國(guó)翻譯》2000年第5期,以下簡(jiǎn)稱《筆談》中,奈達(dá)正式宣布“我的觀點(diǎn)已發(fā)生根本變化”(“Myideashavechangedsubstantially”)。從最初首先提出翻譯科學(xué)到完全放棄翻譯科學(xué),可謂是一個(gè)根本上的變化。鑒于奈達(dá)在中國(guó)譯界乃至世界翻譯界所擁有的巨大影響力,他的思想轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)譯學(xué)理論者至少會(huì)在心理上造成一次巨大的震撼,同時(shí)給我們正在積極興建的翻譯學(xué)科構(gòu)成一次不小的沖擊。

在這種情況下,對(duì)奈達(dá)的思想轉(zhuǎn)變作以詳細(xì)的分析,找出造成奈達(dá)本人放棄理論及翻譯科學(xué)的原因迫在眉睫,否則我們的翻譯理論研究與學(xué)科建設(shè)工作就等于后院著火,自己亂了陣腳。本來(lái)這樣一項(xiàng)工作應(yīng)由譯界德高望重的老前輩來(lái)做,不過(guò)筆者迫不及待要談一下自己的看法,期望能澄清當(dāng)前的一些模糊認(rèn)識(shí),還懇請(qǐng)譯界各位前輩批評(píng)指正。

二、奈達(dá)思想轉(zhuǎn)變的原因

1.對(duì)翻譯理論作用的認(rèn)識(shí)偏差

在《筆談》中,奈達(dá)屢次提及翻譯理論對(duì)翻譯實(shí)踐的指導(dǎo)作用,如,“各色各樣的語(yǔ)際交流理論很少為大部分優(yōu)秀的口、筆譯專業(yè)工作者所使用”、“很難運(yùn)用一般原理解決具體問(wèn)題”等。似乎在他看來(lái),翻譯理論一提出就應(yīng)馬上可以用于指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐(還有許多學(xué)者也持有類似的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為翻譯理論與實(shí)踐之間有脫節(jié)現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)而否定翻譯理論的意義)。從一般哲學(xué)角度看,理論來(lái)源于實(shí)踐,上述說(shuō)法沒(méi)有什么錯(cuò)誤。但不要忘記翻譯活動(dòng)本身的特殊性質(zhì)。我們目前所說(shuō)的翻譯理論(或是純理論)是通過(guò)對(duì)翻譯實(shí)踐活動(dòng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié)而提煉出來(lái)的,主要用來(lái)檢驗(yàn)翻譯作品、檢查翻譯活動(dòng)的效果,而并非像奈達(dá)認(rèn)為的那樣,直接用來(lái)指導(dǎo)翻譯實(shí)踐。

為進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn),我們首先借助霍姆斯的譯學(xué)理論來(lái)具體分析一下。在霍姆斯的譯學(xué)構(gòu)想中,翻譯學(xué)被分為三大分支:描寫翻譯研究、翻譯理論和應(yīng)用翻譯研究。他認(rèn)為,“翻譯理論研究分支主要是利用描寫翻譯研究的成果,加上相關(guān)學(xué)科的理論,建立用于解釋和預(yù)測(cè)翻譯過(guò)程和翻譯產(chǎn)品的原則理論及模式”。(張美芳,2000)在他看來(lái),理論是用來(lái)“解釋和預(yù)測(cè)翻譯過(guò)程和翻譯產(chǎn)品的”。西文翻譯理論家圖瑞也持有類似的觀點(diǎn)。他認(rèn)為“翻譯學(xué)術(shù)研究的目的是描述和解釋現(xiàn)象,而不是改造世界”。(陳德鴻、張南峰,2000:126)這里所說(shuō)的“改造世界”顯然指的是指導(dǎo)翻譯實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。

由此可以看出,奈達(dá)的“翻譯理論無(wú)用論”關(guān)鍵在于他并未能真正把翻譯理論與指導(dǎo)翻譯實(shí)踐的應(yīng)用理論分離開來(lái),把翻譯理論的作用等同于應(yīng)用理論的作用。說(shuō)到這里,我們不禁要反問(wèn)一句,難道所有的“一般原理”都要用來(lái)解決“具體問(wèn)題”嗎?眾所周知,當(dāng)今自然科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)是數(shù)學(xué),但數(shù)學(xué)中也有理論數(shù)學(xué)和應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)之分,其中理論數(shù)學(xué)是應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ),但對(duì)具體的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)就無(wú)直接的指導(dǎo)作用,不能用來(lái)解決“具體問(wèn)題”,它卻是數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ),不可或缺。自然科學(xué)尚且如此,作為一門“人文科學(xué)”(楊自儉,2000)的翻譯學(xué)更是如此。

另外,“奈達(dá)在闡述自己提出的新觀點(diǎn)時(shí),較少涉及具體的翻譯技巧問(wèn)題,而較多的涉及翻譯中的語(yǔ)言學(xué)、風(fēng)格學(xué)和修辭學(xué)問(wèn)題。他這樣做的目的,在于從比較廣泛的范圍內(nèi)對(duì)翻譯的普遍原理作進(jìn)一步的探索”。(譚載喜,1991:79)奈達(dá)的研究主要是從宏觀角度進(jìn)行的,探討的是普遍原理,那么不可避免地會(huì)忽略在微觀層面上對(duì)具體技巧的研究與探討,得出的理論也就遠(yuǎn)離實(shí)踐。因此他現(xiàn)在過(guò)多的強(qiáng)調(diào)理論對(duì)實(shí)踐的直接指導(dǎo)作用

似乎是有悖于他的初衷的。

2.屢次強(qiáng)調(diào)單一的翻譯準(zhǔn)則

奈達(dá)最初的研究認(rèn)為,翻譯研究應(yīng)“采用描寫性而不是規(guī)范性方法”(譚載喜,1983:51)。通過(guò)描寫得出的原則本身就應(yīng)是開放性的。而非規(guī)范性。但在《筆談中,奈達(dá)卻一再認(rèn)為別人所說(shuō)的準(zhǔn)則都是規(guī)范性的,如他說(shuō)“……大多數(shù)專業(yè)譯者屢屢違反理論家們定下的許多規(guī)矩……”、“……非嚴(yán)格遵守不可的規(guī)矩?!憋@然這與他最初設(shè)定的翻譯準(zhǔn)則在性質(zhì)上發(fā)生了根本性的變化。同時(shí)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)本身的描寫性質(zhì)也注定其自身具有一定的局限性。因?yàn)槊鑼懍F(xiàn)象范圍的限制,用描寫方法總結(jié)出的理論或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也會(huì)受到一定的限制。如奈達(dá)描寫的現(xiàn)象主要集中于《圣經(jīng)》翻譯文本,而《圣經(jīng)》是用來(lái)教育和感化人的,有其特定的目的。在這種情況下,翻譯注重的是聽眾或讀者的接受情況,追求交際的效果,所遵循的原則是“功能對(duì)等”或“交際理論”。為達(dá)到這一目的,適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)或改變形式是符合其原則的。如在沒(méi)有雪的語(yǔ)言里,人們可能不理解白如雪是什么意思,那么換成白如霜或白鷺毛等保持交際功能未嘗不可。(譚載喜,1991:273)但若換成科技文章或醫(yī)學(xué)文章,再去依照交際原則進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換肯定是行不通的。這也就說(shuō)明任何準(zhǔn)則都有其特定的適用范圍,尋求“放之四海皆準(zhǔn)”的理論本身就是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的,是錯(cuò)誤的。對(duì)這一目標(biāo)所作的任何努力也都是徒勞的。

目前,越來(lái)越多的研究者開始認(rèn)識(shí)到追求唯一的萬(wàn)能的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的,因此提出了“翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多元互補(bǔ)論”(辜正坤),“翻譯不確定性理論”(奎因,參見(jiàn)郭建中,2000:90-98)。楊曉榮教授主張的“條件論”就是通過(guò)對(duì)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不定性研究而得出的結(jié)論。她認(rèn)為在不同的條件下對(duì)文章翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求也應(yīng)有所不同,每一條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都應(yīng)有其適用和不適用的情況。目前還有一些人沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn),因此各說(shuō)各的理,互不相讓。其實(shí)如果將各自所研究的范圍明確限定,許多爭(zhēng)論就會(huì)不攻自破。

3.過(guò)多強(qiáng)調(diào)和依賴語(yǔ)言學(xué)的作用

《筆談》中他講道,“要想翻譯好就得多學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué),其實(shí)不然。”首先筆者不清楚奈達(dá)先生說(shuō)的“翻譯好”指的是“翻譯理論好”還是“翻譯實(shí)踐好”。不過(guò)不管是指哪一種,我們都要首先認(rèn)識(shí)到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有越來(lái)越多的人開始意識(shí)到單憑語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)去搞翻譯研究是不行的。“我國(guó)一位有識(shí)之士明確指出,從語(yǔ)言學(xué)角度來(lái)研究翻譯理論已經(jīng)使翻譯理論的研究走進(jìn)了死胡同,因?yàn)榉g與語(yǔ)言除有密切關(guān)系的一方面,還有毫無(wú)關(guān)系的一面,翻譯中的非語(yǔ)言因素是大量的、普遍的。翻譯過(guò)程決不是單純的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng),語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論難以駕馭翻譯的全過(guò)程,因而不可能把翻譯理論建立在純語(yǔ)言學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)之上。”(郭建中,2000:107)奈達(dá)從描寫語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究轉(zhuǎn)到交際理論,再到社會(huì)符號(hào)學(xué)研究這一過(guò)程充分表明他本人也是意識(shí)到了語(yǔ)言學(xué)角度研究翻譯的局限性,所以變換了研究的角度。但在《筆談》中他仍認(rèn)為其他人從事翻譯理論研究非常依賴于語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)。實(shí)際情況并非如此,當(dāng)前提出的闡釋學(xué)、目的論、結(jié)構(gòu)主義及多元系統(tǒng)論等都從不同角度對(duì)翻譯現(xiàn)象做出了較為科學(xué)、客觀地分析。這足以證明人們研究翻譯理論不僅僅是從語(yǔ)言學(xué)的角度出發(fā)的。