導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：如何才能寫好一篇初一英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)，這就需要搜集整理更多的資料和文獻(xiàn)，歡迎閱讀由公文云整理的十篇范文，供你借鑒。

篇1

一、選擇填空(15分)

( )1. The teacher with a girl ______ into the classroom.

A. come B. comes C. coming D. to come

( )2. The music teacher teaches ______.

A. we to sing B. us to sing C. our sing D. our singing

( )3. There are people here.

A. too much B. much too C. too many D. many too

( )4.There are _______ birds .the tree.

A. some, on B. some, in C. a, on D. any, in

( )5. It’s a ______ day ______.

A.well, for walk B. nice, for walk

C. fine, for walking D. fine, to walking

( )6. It ______ me ten minutes ______ there.

A. take, get to B. takes, to get C. takes, to get to D. takes, get

( ) 7. You are a good _____ . Do you like ________?

A.cooker, cooking B. cook, cooking

C. cooker, to cook D. cooks, cooking

( )8. The parents know their children _______.

A. very good B. very well C. very nice D. very

( )9. I don’t like it _______.

A. at all B. a little C. a lot D. very much

( )10.Li Lei gets ____ E-mail _____ Jack. He must write ___ to him soon.

A. an, from, to B. an, to, to C. a, from, to D. an, to, from

( )11. He _____ to the teacher _____ now.

A. listens to carefull B. listening, carefully

C. is listening , carefully D. is listen, carefully

( )12. There is something wrong ______ my computer.

A. of B. in C. with D. about

( )13. Could I _____ some money ______ you?

A. borrow, from B. borrow, to C. borrows, from D. give, from

( ) 14. The shop ______ early on Fridays.

A. close B. open C. is closed D. is opens

( )15. Uncle wang likes _____ things. He is good at ______ this kind of boat.

A. make, doing B. makes, to make

C. making, making D. making, doing

二、補(bǔ)全對(duì)話(5分)

根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容，從后面的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的選項(xiàng)，有兩個(gè)為多余選項(xiàng)。

A: Good morning, can I help you?

B: Yes, please. ___1__

A: I think this is a nice one.

B: ____2____

A: it’s 100 yuan.

B: 100 yuan? _____3____

A: It’s a Japanese football. Japanese footballs are expensive, ___4___

B: Do you have Chinese footballs?

A: Yes. we do. ____5___

B: well, this football looks good. How much is it?

A: 50 yuan. B: That’s ok. I’ll take it.

a. These are all footballs made in china. b. That’s a lot of money

c. I want to buy a football. d. How about this one?

e. But they’re very good. f. Let me try it. g. How much is it?

三、完形填空(10分)

從A、B、C、D中選出能填入空白處的選項(xiàng)。

Near my home there is big __1___. It is __2___ Price-Low(低價(jià)). It has a lot of things. You can buy school things, __3___ exercise books, rulers, pens and maps. You can buy drinks, vegetables, fruit and __4__ food. Some of them are __5__, Some of them are expensive.

The supermarket__6___ every day from 9 a.m to 9 p.m. The workers in the supermarket are very __7_. They work hard __8___. They are glad __9__ to your questions. They help you find __10__ you want.

( ) 1. A. school B. factory C. hospital D. supermarket(超市).

( ) 2. A. calling B. call C. called D. calls

( ) 3. A. like B. of C. for D. to

( ) 4. A. many B. some C. all kinds of D. a kind of

( ) 5. A. dear B. cheap C. expensive D. small

( ) 6. A. open B. is open C. close D. is closed

( ) 7. A. friends B. full C. friendly D. hungry

( ) 8. A. all day B. one day C. all the day D. on one day

( ) 9. A. ask B. answering C. to answer D. to ask

( ) 10.A. where B. what C. when D. how

四、閱讀理解(20分)

(A)

Mr Black has two cats. One is big and the other is small. He likes them much. One day his friend Mr Green comes to see him. He is very surprise(驚奇的). He finds (發(fā)現(xiàn)) there are two holes (洞) in the door, a big hole and a small one. He says , “My dear friend, why are there two holes in your door?” “To let them in and out ,” Mr. Black answers. “But why are there two holes? ” asked his friend. “How can the big cat go through(通過) the small hole?” he says.

( ) 1. Mr Black has ___________.

A. two small cats B. two big cats

C. a big cat and a small one D. two birds

( ) 2. Mr Green comes to see _______.

A. Mr Black B. Mrs Black C. the cats D. the holes

( ) 3. Mr Black wants the ______ to go through the two holes.

A. the big cat B. the small cat C. a dog D. two cats

( ) 4. Mr Black thinks the big hole is only for _______.

A. the small cat B. the big cat C. the two cats D. Mr Green

( ) 5. ______ is not necessary (必要的).

A. The big hole B. The small hole C. The big door D. The small door

( B )

Billy and Sandy go to school. Billy opens his schoolbag. “Look, Sandy.” Sandy looks into Billy’s schoolbag. There is s small white cat in it. “Oh, it’s very nice. What’s its name?” “Its name is Kitty.”

In the school, Billy puts the cat in his desk, but the cat can’t stay there long. It jumps on Billy’s desk. All the students see it. They all come to Billy’s desk to see the cat. Miss Gao comes, too. “Where do you get the cat, Billy?” “Near my home.” “Ok, put it in your desk and don’t let it jump out. We must have our lesson. Don’t take it to school next time.” “Yes, Miss Gao.”

( ) 6. Who gives the name to the cat?

A. Sandy B. Billy C. Kitty D. Miss Gao

( ) 7. Billy puts the cat in his desk because(因?yàn)? ______

A. the cat likes to stay there

B. Sandy thinks it’s a good place(地方) for a cat

C. Billy doesn’t want others to see it.

D. the cat can jump on the desk.

( ) 8. The cat jumps out because ______

A. it wants to see the classroom B. Billy wants it to come out

C. the students want to see it D. it doesn’t like to stay in the desk

( ) 9. Miss Gao may think ________

A. Billy is right to help the small cat

B. Billy is not a good student

C. Billy takes the cat from his home

D. Billy doesn’t want her to give them the lesson

( ) 10. What do you think Billy will (將) do after school?

A. Throw the cat into a river. B. Make a cake for the cat.

C. Play games with the cat. D. Help the cat find its home.

五、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空(10分)。

1. It’s 7:00 in the morning. The Greens _____ (have) breakfast.

2. Sometimes Betty ______ (read) a book in her bedroom.

3. Do they _____ (like) Chinese food?

4. Kate _______ (study) Chinese in Shanghai.

5. Where do Lucy and Lili ______ (come) from?

6. He ______ (speak) a little English?

7. Uncle Wang ______ (watch) TV in the room now.

8. There are some boys _____ (swim) in the river.

9.It’s a fine day for _____. (fly a kite)

10. What time _____ (do) Li Ping get up?

六、按要求寫下列單詞和詞組(10分)

1. expensive ________ (反義詞) 2.study _______ (同義詞)

3. do some reading __________ (寫漢語(yǔ)意思) 4. put _________ (現(xiàn)在分詞)

5. 用漢語(yǔ) _____________ 6. 在值日 ______________

7. 在工作 ____________ 8. 在星期六 ______________

9. 關(guān)于英語(yǔ) ____________ 10. 乘飛機(jī) ______________

(5-10題寫英語(yǔ)詞組)

七、小作文(10分)

請(qǐng)寫一段你的朋友的一天的活動(dòng)情景(不少于60字)，以下列單詞、詞組供參考。

篇2

基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)(共35分)

一,詞匯(共6分,每詞0.5分)

請(qǐng)你根據(jù)表格中所給的提示詞,把下面這些單詞分別寫在不同的分欄里.(每空只填寫一個(gè)單詞)

類別

分類

Weather 天氣

Personalities 性格

Animals 動(dòng)物

Places 地點(diǎn)

二,根據(jù)句意,選擇所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空.(共5分,每小題1分)

1. This is the ________ of the garden tour.

2. She ________ wear pants and a T-shirt.

3. Mr Smith is a short man ________ long hair.

4. I had great fun ________ in the water.

5. We can't ________ late for class.

三,選擇正確的單詞,請(qǐng)將你所選的單詞填寫在句首的括號(hào)里.(共4分,每小題0.5分)

( )1. -----How's it going, David -----Pretty (well/good).

( )2. ( Don't / Doesn't) listen to music in the classrooms or the hallways.

( )3. -----When (was/were) you born -----On May 21st, 1991.

( )4. -----What are they doing now -----They are (playing/play).

( )5. I can't (stand/mind) the idea that old people can't be beautiful.

( )6. The weather is very hot. The children are (swim/swimming) in the water.

( )7. -----What does the man look like -----He's very (easygoing/short).

( )8. -----Where are the country CDs -----They are (straight/behind) the pop music.

四,選擇填空.(共10分,每小題1分)

根據(jù)句意,從A,B,C,D中選擇一個(gè)答案.

( )1. After dinner he often ________ in the park.

A. take a walking B. take a walk C. taking a walk D. takes a walk

( )2. What language does she ________

A. tell B. speak C. talk D. say

( )3. She ________ the teacher carefully, but didn't ________ anything.

A. listens to, hear B. listened to, hear C. hears, listened to D. hears, listens to

( )4. -----Do you know what they did over the weekend -----They ________.

A. play soccer B. goes to movies C. went shopping D. stay home

( )5. He didn't have ________ money for a taxi, ________ he walked back to the hotel.

A. any, and B. much, because C. any, so D. some, so

( )6. The strict teacher often makes ________ very tired.

A. we B. our C. us D. ours

( )7. Mother was always the first one ________ in the morning.

A. get up B. to get up C. gets up D. got up

( )8.There ________ a ruler and two pens on the desk.

A. is B. are C. am D. be

( )9. One of my ________ is from the USA.

A. dictionary B. dictionaries C. dictionarys D. dictionaris

( )10. What does you brother do

A. He works very hard. B. He is outgoing and friendly.

C. He is a sales assistant. D. He is tall with curly hair.

五,重排對(duì)話.(共5分,每空0.5分)

請(qǐng)把下列對(duì)話按適當(dāng)?shù)捻樞蛑匦屡帕?

A.Fine, thank you. What about you

B.No, she's short.

C.I'm fine, too. Do you know I have a new friend in Class Five

D.I think I know her. She always wears a red dress and white shoes.

E.Hi, Lucy.

F.Is she tall

G.She has long, black hair and big eyes.

H.Yes, that's her. Her name is Nancy.

I.Hi, Kate. How are you

J.What does she look like

1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. ________

6. ________ 7. ________ 8. ________ 9. ________ 10. ________

六,請(qǐng)根據(jù)答句寫出問句.(共5分,每句1分)

1. A:_____________________________________ B:No, I can't.

2. A:_____________________________________ B:It was windy last Saturday.

3. A:_____________________________________ B:I went to Shanghai on vacation.

4. A:_____________________________________ B:Mr Smith works in a bank.

5. A:_____________________________________ B:Because they are very cute.

完型填空 閱讀理解(共25分)

一,完型填空.(共10分,每小題1分)

Kate is a little girl. She is not ____1____ . She ____2____ how to read ____3____ write. But her sister Mary is a ____4____ . She is ten.

One day, Mary ____5____ her little sister in the room. She's at the table. There is a pencil in ____6____ hand(手). She is ____7____ .

"What are you doing, Kate " she asked.

"I'm writing ____8____ my friend, Rose," says Kate.

"____9____ how can you You don't know how to write," says her sister.

"Well," says Kate, "It doesn't matter.(沒關(guān)系). Rose doesn't know how to __10__ , either(也)."

二,閱讀理解.(共15分,每小題1分)

(A)

Kim went to a beautiful beach on Monday with his friends . It was sunny and hot. So they had great fun playing in the water. In the afternoon, they went shopping. But the shops were crowded, they didn't really enjoy it.

The next day, it was rainy, so they went to a museum. It was boring. Kim found a small boy crying in the corner. The boy was lost. He helped the boy find his father. Kim was very happy. But he had no money for a taxi. So he had to walked back to the hotel. That made him very tired.

On Wednesday, the weather was very cool. So they played tennis. They played all morning. It was really fun.

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,判斷下列句子的正誤,正確的用"T",錯(cuò)誤的用"F".(共5分,每小題1分)

(B)

Mrs Wilson is medium height with curly hair. She comes from Australia. She is our math teacher. But I don't like math. It's too difficult and boring. Mrs Wilson is 25 years old. She is very shy and kind of serious. She never plays games with us. She often goes to movies on weekends. And she enjoys reading very much. She has lots of books in her bedroom.

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填表.(共5分,每小題1分)

(C)

Jim, Kate and Li Ming are doing the homework together(一起). Jim's spelling of "Moday" is wrong (錯(cuò)誤). Kate tells him about it. Li Ming wants to borrow (借) an eraser from Jim or Kate. Jim says he has one and gives it to Li Ming. Li Ming thanks Jim for his help. Jim says, "You're welcome". Now Jim says "Thanks very much" to Kate for her help. Kate says "That's all right". The three children are students in a school in Beijing. Jim is from London. Kate is from New York. Li Ming is a Chinese girl. They are good friends. They often do homework and play games together. They often help each other (互相).

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,選擇正確答案.(共5分,每小題1分)

( ) 6. Jim is ________ .

A. an English girl B. an American girl

C. an English boy D. an American boy

( ) 7. Kate helps Jim with ________.

A. his spelling B. an eraser C. a ruler D. a pencil

( ) 8. Li Ming borrows ________ .

A. an eraser from Kate B. an eraser from Jim

C. a ruler from Kate D. a ruler from Jim

( ) 9. The three students are ________ .

A. not in the same class B. in U.K. C. in Beijing D. in USA

( ) 10. They are ________ .

篇3

【關(guān)鍵詞】新課改；高中英語(yǔ)；問題；改進(jìn)策略

高中英語(yǔ)新課程改革的深入實(shí)施使教師的教學(xué)觀念有了很大變化，通過對(duì)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的深入學(xué)習(xí)和研究，廣大教師逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到了以學(xué)生為本的重要性，他們?cè)诮虒W(xué)過程中開始注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和自主學(xué)習(xí)能力，注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)策略和學(xué)習(xí)方法，注重與學(xué)生的溝通與交流，注重營(yíng)造和諧融洽的課堂教學(xué)氛圍。雖然英語(yǔ)教學(xué)新理念已經(jīng)開始變成教師的實(shí)際行動(dòng)，在課堂教學(xué)中逐漸發(fā)揮了作用，但是高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)仍存在一定的問題，這就要求我們英語(yǔ)教師必須做出相應(yīng)的改變，以滿足學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)需要。

一、高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中存在的問題

1.教學(xué)模式落后

新課程改革實(shí)施以來，雖然高中英語(yǔ)教師能夠接受新的教學(xué)理念，但受傳統(tǒng)應(yīng)試教育的影響，有的教師在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中不能把合作學(xué)習(xí)、自主學(xué)習(xí)和探究式學(xué)習(xí)等新的教學(xué)理念和教學(xué)方法應(yīng)用到教學(xué)過程，也很少進(jìn)行師生互動(dòng)、生生互動(dòng)。大多數(shù)英語(yǔ)教師仍采用灌輸式教學(xué)方法，課堂教學(xué)以教師講解為主，學(xué)生只是被動(dòng)地聽課、記錄、回答，這樣的教學(xué)方式顯然不能調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的積極性，不能有效吸引學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。有的教師擔(dān)心新的教學(xué)方法會(huì)影響教學(xué)進(jìn)度，擔(dān)心學(xué)生不配合而影響教學(xué)效果，因此在教學(xué)過程中只是一味地對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行知識(shí)灌輸，而對(duì)他們的學(xué)習(xí)方法和策略缺乏有效指導(dǎo)，忽視了對(duì)學(xué)生的情感態(tài)度培養(yǎng)、語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的培養(yǎng)、發(fā)現(xiàn)問題和解決問題能力的培養(yǎng)、創(chuàng)造性思維能力的培養(yǎng)，致使課堂氣氛沉悶，缺乏應(yīng)有的活力，以及和諧的氛圍。

2.過分追求形式化的教學(xué)模式

在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，有的教師注重把新的教學(xué)理念引入到教學(xué)過程，把自主學(xué)習(xí)、合作學(xué)習(xí)以及探究式學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)統(tǒng)應(yīng)用到課堂教學(xué)中，把課堂充分交給了學(xué)生，使英語(yǔ)課堂氣氛活躍，學(xué)生的參與程度很高。但由于缺乏教師的有效指導(dǎo)，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)目的不明確，表面上看著很熱鬧的課堂，學(xué)生卻沒有學(xué)到多少知識(shí)，沒有達(dá)到拓展知識(shí)、培養(yǎng)能力和發(fā)散思維的教學(xué)目的。

3.教師的教學(xué)創(chuàng)新性不足

有的教師對(duì)新教材和教學(xué)大綱的理解不夠，在教學(xué)過程中完全講解課本內(nèi)容，只有呆板的內(nèi)容傳授，沒有知識(shí)的創(chuàng)新。教師缺乏開發(fā)和利用教學(xué)資源的意識(shí)，教學(xué)內(nèi)容僅限于課本及練習(xí)冊(cè)等，致使課程資源單一。另外，有的教師不能充分駕馭教材，不能充分發(fā)揮教材的價(jià)值和作用，對(duì)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下的英語(yǔ)教材掌握不夠、把握不準(zhǔn)，不能突出教學(xué)難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)，導(dǎo)致教學(xué)目標(biāo)不能實(shí)現(xiàn)。

4.過分注重升學(xué)率

英語(yǔ)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求在教學(xué)過程中注重對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)方法和綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的培養(yǎng)。但是，現(xiàn)階段，高考仍然是改變學(xué)生命運(yùn)的唯一途徑，升學(xué)率是衡量教學(xué)質(zhì)量和教學(xué)效果的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)學(xué)生和英語(yǔ)教師來說提高成績(jī)是唯一的目的。因此教師在教學(xué)過程中仍采用傳統(tǒng)的填鴨式教學(xué)方法，通過大量作業(yè)和習(xí)題讓學(xué)生鞏固和掌握知識(shí)，根本不會(huì)花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間去體驗(yàn)和實(shí)踐新的教學(xué)方法；而學(xué)生為了能夠考取理想的學(xué)校也不會(huì)把寶貴的時(shí)間花費(fèi)在探索、體驗(yàn)新方法上，只能采取“拿來主義”，從教師那里獲取知識(shí)，以便節(jié)省更多時(shí)間。這對(duì)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力和發(fā)散思維能力培養(yǎng)非常不利，更不可能培養(yǎng)他們的語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力了。

二、新課程背景下高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)改進(jìn)策略分析

針對(duì)高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過程中存在的諸多問題，我們教師必須進(jìn)行深入研究，并采取積極有效的改進(jìn)措施，使學(xué)生得到全面的發(fā)展。

1.全面提升英語(yǔ)教師的綜合素質(zhì)

在實(shí)施新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程中，教師起著決定性作用。因此教師要緊緊抓住新課程改革帶來的機(jī)遇，積極應(yīng)對(duì)新的挑戰(zhàn)，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)新課程改革的理念，掌握其精髓，通過多種途徑提高自己的專業(yè)知識(shí)，以自身綜合素質(zhì)的提升來確保新課程改革的順利實(shí)施。一是教師要通過培訓(xùn)來提高專業(yè)知識(shí)技能、學(xué)習(xí)教學(xué)新理念和新方法，把體驗(yàn)式、主動(dòng)參與等先進(jìn)的教學(xué)理念應(yīng)用到課堂教學(xué)中，促使學(xué)生積極參與到教學(xué)過程中；二是教師要堅(jiān)持自學(xué)，豐富專業(yè)知識(shí)，更新知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，要把自己的教學(xué)理論靈活運(yùn)用到教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，并能根據(jù)不同的教學(xué)情景，運(yùn)用不同的教學(xué)方法，科學(xué)組織英語(yǔ)教學(xué)活動(dòng)，把教育教學(xué)理念與教學(xué)過程有機(jī)結(jié)合起來，進(jìn)而提高高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)效果。

2.重視教學(xué)總結(jié)和反思

在教學(xué)過程中，教師要對(duì)自己的教學(xué)行為進(jìn)行總結(jié)和反思，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)教學(xué)過程中存在的不足和問題，積極尋找解決問題的辦法和措施，使自己的教學(xué)行為更加科學(xué)合理；要解放思想，積極和同事進(jìn)行交流與溝通，學(xué)習(xí)其他教師好的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和做法，通過相互學(xué)習(xí)、相互借鑒達(dá)到共同發(fā)展；要通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)來學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒校外的教學(xué)理念、教學(xué)方法，并結(jié)合學(xué)校的實(shí)際情況，構(gòu)建具有本校特色的教學(xué)模式，促進(jìn)教學(xué)效率的提升。

3.創(chuàng)新和完善評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)制

科學(xué)合理的教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)制能激發(fā)教師的積極性，促進(jìn)教學(xué)目標(biāo)順利完成。學(xué)校不能把考試成績(jī)作為衡量教學(xué)質(zhì)量的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不能把分?jǐn)?shù)作為教師的獎(jiǎng)懲依據(jù)和教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)，應(yīng)當(dāng)通過加強(qiáng)過程性評(píng)價(jià)、多樣性評(píng)價(jià)和多元化評(píng)價(jià)方式來完善評(píng)價(jià)制度和激勵(lì)機(jī)制；要注重過程性評(píng)價(jià)方式的應(yīng)用，使教師更加注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的情感態(tài)度和正確的人生觀、價(jià)值觀；通過學(xué)校、教師本人、其他教師以及學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)來擴(kuò)大評(píng)價(jià)的主體范圍和評(píng)價(jià)的多樣性；通過評(píng)價(jià)促使教師改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法，提高英語(yǔ)教學(xué)質(zhì)量。

總之，新課程改革對(duì)教學(xué)理念、教學(xué)方法和教學(xué)內(nèi)容提出了更高的要求，我們高中英語(yǔ)教師要更新教學(xué)觀念，通過多種途徑更新知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，提升自身綜合素質(zhì)，進(jìn)而提高自己的教學(xué)水平和能力，為提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量和促進(jìn)學(xué)生的全面發(fā)展奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

[1]張曉華.新課程改革下高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀與對(duì)策.考試周刊，2013（85）

篇4

1.There is ________“u”and ________ “n”in the word“run”.

A.a，a B.an，an C.an，a D.a，an

2.There ________ a class meeting next Saturday.

A.isn’t have B.isn’t going to be C.isn’t have D.aren’t

3.This picture is ________ than that one.

A.beautiful B.much beautiful

C.much more beautiful D.beautifully

4.Look! He ________ photos.

A.is taking B.takes C.took D.will take

5.How about ________ a picnic together?

A.have B.to have C.having D.has

6.Li Ming ________ homework in the morning.

A.does any B.doesn’t any

C.doesn’t do any D.doesn’t do some

7.I would like ________ some tea.

A.drink B.to drink C.drinking D.drinks

8.--________ will the meeting begin? --In half an hour.

A.How often B.How soon C.How long D.How many

9.We have ________ homework this weekend.

A.many B.too many C.too much D.lot of

10.--Where’s Taiwan? --It’s ________ the south of China.

A.in B.on C.to D.of

11.Tom is a ________ student，he speaks Chinese ________.

A.good，well B.good，good C.well，well D.well，good

12.It’s difficult ________ old people ________ learn English well.

A.for，it B.to，to C.for，to D.to，for

13.Running is ________ than swimming，but skiing is ________ of the three.

A.more popular, exciting B.more popular, the most exciting

C.popular, the most exciting D.popular, exciting

14.I’m looking forward to ________ to Disneyland someday.

A.go B.went C.going D.to go

15.Every year ________ visitors come to China for a visit.

A.millions B.million of C.million D.millions of

二、完形填空

閱讀下面短文，從每小題A、B、C、D中選出能填入空白處的答案。

Football is a very popular game in China.There are eleven 36 in a team.Many young people like it.

Li Lei is a middle school student.He’s 37 at football.Tomorrow is Sunday.There is 38 to do，so he is going to 39 a football game.He wants Sam to go 40 him.Sam is 41 America.He is good at football，too.He likes 42 football games very much. 43 he says American football is 44 ours.It’s not round.The football has 45 name in English，soccer.

16.A.players B.games C.balls D.play

17.A.fun B.good C.bad D.liking

18.A.anything B.nothing C.something D.everything

19.A.get B.playing C.have D.watch

20.A.before B.beside C.with D.after

21.A.in B.leave C.for D.from

22.A.taking B.watching C.playing D.having

23.A.But B.And C.So D.Then

24.A.like B.different from C.far D.the same

25.A.other B.others C.another D.one another

三、閱讀理解

A

On a small farm in Mexico，there are no schools.A bus is the school.The driver of the bus is the teacher.It’s a school bus，but it doesn’t take the children to school.It just goes round from place to place，and sometimes it comes to this farm.The bus will stay here for three months.The farmers call it a school on wheels.Every time when the bus comes，the farmers will come，running to it，shouting and laughing.They warmly welcome the school bus.

When the bus is on the farm，in the morning，the teacher teaches the small children.In the afternoon.the bigger children come to have their lessons because they must work in the morning.At night.the fathers and mothers come to school.They want to learn.too.How the farmers hope that some day they can have a real school on their farm!

26.The driver of the bus is ________.

A.the teacher B.the student C.the farmer D.the school

27.The bus school will ________.

A.take the children to school B.stay here for a long time

C.take the fathers and mothers to school D.go round from place to place

28.When the bus school comes the farmers will ________.

A.stop working B.warmly welcome it C.be happy D.both B and C

29.The bigger children have their lessons in the afternoon because ________ in the morning.

A.they can’t get up early

B.the teacher wants to teach the small children first

C.they have a lot of work to do

D.they have to do their homework

30.Which is true?

A.A school bus is a real school for farmers’ children

B.The bus school has no teacher at all.

C.The bus school has no students.

D.The children and their parents on the farm all come to the bus school to learn.

B

Li Ming is a runner, he runs for the spring sports on the playground every day.Our school is holding the sports meeting today.Li Ming is in the 1500 Meters’Race.At first he runs very fast，but then he falls on the ground.His left leg is hurt.It is a long way from the end of the race.What will he do? People are looking at him.Li Ming gets up and walks the rest of the way.Li Ming doesn’t win the race，but he wins a prize for walking.

31.Li Ming is good at ________.

A.runner B.playing football C.playing basketball D.running

32.Li Ming’s ________ is hurt.

A.foot B.leg C.arm D.hand

33.Our school holds a ________ sports meeting today.

A.winter B.summer C.autumn D.spring

34.Does Li Ming get to the end of the race?

A.Yes，he does. B.No，he doesn’t C.No，he does. D.Yes，he doesn’t

35.Li Ming Wins ________ for walking.

篇5

I.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用。

（I）填入has /have been 或has/have gone.

1. Harry： I saw you in Annabel’s Restaurant last night.

Diana： No, it wasn’t me. I ____ never _____ there.

2. Sam： Sally and Tim are on holiday, aren’t they?

Where _____ they _____?

Sue： To Florida, again.

Sam： How many times ______ they __________ there?

Sue： This is their third visit.

3. Joe： Can I have an apple, please?

Mary： We haven’t got any. I ______not _____ to the shops today.

4. Alan： Where’s Tony?

Mary： He’s got a headache so he _____________ to bed.

5. Steve：

（on the phone） Can I speak to Jill, please?

Lynn： She’s out, I’m afraid. She __________ to the cinema this evening.

Steve： Again? She ________ already __________ to the cinema three times this week.

（II）用for 或since填空

1. Jill has been in Ireland _________ Monday.

2. Jill has been in Ireland _______ three days.

3. My aunt has lived in Australia_______15days.

4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there _______7 o’clock.

5. India has been an independent country ______ 1974.

6. The bus is late. We’ve been waiting ______ 20 minutes.

7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty______ many years.

8. Mike has been ill ________ a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October.

（III）用for或since完成下列句子。

例：Jill is in Ireland now. She arrived there three days ago.

She has been there for three days.

1. Jack is here. He arrived here on Tuesday.

He has ______________________________

2. It’s raining. It started an hour ago.

It has been_________________________________.

3. I know Sue. I first met Sue two years ago.

I’ve ____________________________________.

4. I have a camera. I bought it in 1989.

_______________________________________.

5. Liz is studying medicine at university. She started three years ago.

____________________________________________________

6. Dave plays the piano. He started when he was seven years old.

__________________________________________________.

II. 單選。

（ ）1. ---It’s Mary’s birthday next week. What should I get for her?

---__________ .

A. They are too expensive.

B. What about a bicycle?

C. That’s a good idea.

（ ）2. A： I don’t like cats. Cats aren’t friendly enough.

B： ______ do I.

A. So B. Neither C. too

（ ）3. --- Have you ever been to Water World, Tom?

--- No. I’ve ________ been there.

A. ever B. already C. never

（ ）4. --- Why don’t you get him some fast food?

--- Oh no. _____.

A. That’s not healthy enough.

B. That’s too healthy.

C. That’s delicious enough.

（ ）5. --- ______ has Joe been playing baseball?

--- Since he was ten years old.

A. How often B. When C. How long

（ ）6. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______ he came to Yunnan.

A. after B. before C. since

（ ）7. What kind of present do you want to get?

A. A necklace B. A calendar C. A mouse

（ ）8. The students ________ a biology class when the visitors came.

A. had B. were having C. will have

（ ）9. A： I’m not feeling well. I’ve got a cold.

B： ____________.

A. What’s wrong? B. Have you been to the hospital yet? C. What’s the matter?

（ ）10. Mr. Green _____ in this small house for thirty years.

A. has lived B. lives C. lived

（ ） 11. ---Ann has gone to Shanghai.

---So ______her parents.

A. has B. had C. have

（ ）12.---Mum, may I go out and play basketball?

----______you______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish B. Did; finish C. Have; finished

（ ） 13. ---______ you ______anywhere before?

---Yes, but I can't remember where I______

A. Did; surf; surfed

B. Have; surfed; surfed

C. Have; surfed; have surfed

（ ） 14. Tom ______the CD player for two weeks.

A. has borrowed B. has bought C. has had

（ ） 15. I ______a letter from him since he left.

A. didn't receive B. haven't got C. haven't heard

III. 單選（時(shí)態(tài)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)）。

1. When I was at school,I______to the library every day.

A.go B.was going C.have gone D.went

2. The new books______ yet.

A. haven’t arrived B. hasn’t arrived

C. didn’t arrive D. don’t arrive

3.______you ever______to Shanghai.

A. Haven’t arrived B. Hasn’t arrived

C. Didn’t arrived D. Have…been

4. He_______ his lunch.

A. had B. have had C. has had D. ate

5. For years, doctors______ millions of patients lives with the help of microscopes.

A.saved B.have saved C.has saved D.were saving

6. I was so happy to see John again last Sunday, We ______ each other for more than two years.

A. haven’t seen B. hadn’t seen C. didn’t see D. hasn’t seen

7. We ______three lessons this month.

A. have learned B. learned C. has learned D. were having

8. I______to Paris several times.

A. went B. have gone C. have been D. was going

9. Alice has lived in China for ten years,so she ______the life here.

A. used to B. get used to C. be used to D. has got used to

10. My uncle ______in this city since 1980.

A. lives B.have lived C. has lived D. lived

11. By now old Wang ______in that factory for twenty years.

A. have worked B.worked C.works D.has worked

12. Christianity has become a worldwide religion since it ______almost two years ago.

A. has begin B. begins C. began D. begin

13. Shakespeare ______many plays such as Hamlet,and Romeo And Juliet.

A. writes B. have written C. wrote D. has written

14. When we lived in Phoenix we ______at Arizona State university.

A. studied B. have studied C. study D. were studying

15. I wrote to my parents three month ago but I ______ to my parents lately.

A. haven’t written B. don’t write C. didn’t write D. will not write

16. Li Ming ______to Shanghai. He will be back next month.

A. went B. have gone C. has gone D. will go

17. She ______an actress for some time.

A. was B. being C. is D. has been

18.Professor Chen ______ our exams yet.

A. didn’t mark B. hasn’t it marked

C. will not mark D. haven’t marked

19. He left last year and ______away ever since.

A. is B. have been C. was D. has been

20. I______my task the other day.

A. finished B. have finished C. finish D. will finish

IV. 完成對(duì)話。

A. You’ve been to more places than I have.

B. Well, you’ll have a lot of chances if you like.

C. I’ve never seen such a place in China.

D. Where’s that?

E. What places have you been to in China?

（ ） A： Hi, Kate! _____________1__________________.

B： Oh, I’ve been to many places, such as Hangzhou, Shanghai, Guilin and Tibet.

（ ） A： _____________2________________________.

B： Really? What places have you been to ?

A： Very few. I’ve only been to Pingyao.

（ ） B： _____________3____________________.

A： It’s in Shanxi. It’s a small place, but it has a long history. It’s one of the oldest towns in China. There you can see a well-kept city wall.

（ ） B： _____________4_____________________ I’ve just seen a lot of natural beauties, but not much old Chinese culture（文化） yet.

（ ） A： _____________5__________________.

V. 完型填空。

Mr. Edison was a professor. He worked in a __1____. He was busy with his research work all the time. But his wife whose father was a __2__ businessman had nothing to do at home and __3___ a lot of time dancing.

It was the woman’s birthday one day. There __4__ a birthday party in their house. All their friends were invited to __5__ it. That afternoon, when everything was ready, Mr. Edison came back from his lab, being __6__. As soon as she saw him, she called out, “Oh dear! Our guests will soon come, but you ___7____ the old clothes! Go to change the best ones!”

Mr. Edison had to go upstairs. The party had been on for half an hour, but he didn’t come downstairs. The woman felt ___8__. She looked out a few times and then told her girl servant to go to __9___ what had happened to him. To the girl’s surprise, the professor was __10___ in a bed.

For Mr. Edison, it was time to go to bed after he came upstairs and took off his clothes.

（ ） 1. A. cinema B. theatre C. university D. park

（ ） 2. A. rich B. poor C. nice D. foolish

（ ） 3. A. took B. spent C. used D. gave

（ ） 4. A. will be B. would be C. has been D. had been

（ ） 5. A. hold B. appreciate C. watch D. attend

（ ） 6. A. hungry B. tired C. sorry D. satisfied

（ ） 7. A. are wearing B. will wear C. are putting D. will put on

（ ） 8. A. happy B. shy C. sad D. strange

（ ） 9. A. look up B. find out C. think over D. send for

（ ） 10. A. afraid B. awake C. asleep D. alone

VI. 閱讀理解。

（A）

Two Americans from England were travelling in Spain. One day they came into a little restaurant for lunch. They didn’t know the native （本地的） language and the waiter didn’t know them, either.

They wanted the waiter to understand that they asked for some milk and bread. At first they read “milk” many times, then spelled it. But the waiter could not understand them. At last（最后） one of them took a piece of paper and began to draw a cow. When he was just finishing（完成）it, the waiter looked at it and ran out of the restaurant. “Do you see?” said the American, “how clever I am.” After some time, the waiter came back. He brought no milk or bread with him. He put down in front of them two tickets for a bull-fight （斗牛）.

True or false： （正確的寫T；錯(cuò)誤的寫F）

（

）1. The story happened in France.

（ ）2. The two Americans came into a little restaurant.

（ ）3. The waiter couldn’t understand them.

（

）4. After some time, the Americans got milk and bread.

（ ）5. An American drew a cow on the paper.

（ ）6. The two Americans wanted to watch a bull-fight.

（B）

David Brenner came from a poor family. When he finished his school, he was given a wonderful present. “Some of my friends got new clothes and a few rich boys even got new cars.” he remembered, “My father reached into his trousers pocket and took something out , I held out my hand , and he let my present drop into it －－a nickel !”

“Dad said to me. Buy a newspaper with that. Read every word of it. Then turn to the classified section and get yourself a job. Get into the world. It’s all yours now!”

“I always thought that was a great joke my father had played on me until a few years later when I was in the Army, sitting in a foxhole, and thinking about my family and my life. It was then that I came to know that my friends had got only new cars, or only new clothes. My father has given me the whole world. What a great present!”

1. What did David get as a present when he left school?

A. New clothes B. A new car.

C. Something nice. D. A nickel.

2. David’s father asked him to read the newspaper to _______.

A. find interesting stories B. find himself a job

C. know what happened in the world D. learn more things in it

3. Some years went by and David became a ______.

A. doctor B. teacher C. soldier D. driver

4. In the end David understood the present his father gave him was _____.

A. great B. unimportant C. beautiful D. useless

（C）

Jim Green has been in China for more than two years. He has been to many interesting places in Beijing, but he has not yet been to many other parts of China. Last week he went to Mount Emei in Sichuan Province with his family.

Many people like to travel by air, but Jim’s family think that travelling by train is the best. It is much cheaper and far more enjoyable than a rushed trip by air. They had a wonderful train ride to Chengdu before they went on to Mount Emei by bus.

Early one morning, they took a taxi to Beijing West Railway Station. The station was very lively. There were bookshops, food shops and stores selling all kinds of things. Mrs. Green bought some fruit, food and bottles of water to take on the train. She said that it was better to get some food before they got on the train because food on the train was usually too expensive.

The train was quite comfortable, and there weren’t too many people in their sleeping car. The Greens could stand up and walk around. It was a long journey, but none of them felt tired. They kept watching the beautiful scenery out of the window. They walked, laughed and played cards. The conductor kept coming to offer them hot water and selling them magazines. People nearby talked with each other. A young man practiced speaking English with Mr. Green. Jim thought the train was like a big moving party. He went to sleep quite late. He listened to the click of the rails and then fell fast asleep.

When Jim woke up the next morning, the train was already near Chengdu. His train ride seemed really short, but his memory of the pleasant trip will last long.

1.

How long has Jim been in China?

2. Where did Jim go to travel with his family?

3.

Why does Jim’s family like to travel by train?

4. What did Mrs. Green buy before getting on the train?

5.

Did the Greens feel tired on the train? Why or why not?

6. What did the Greens do on the trains?

VII. 寫作。

你一定去過不少地方吧。你能談一談你曾去過的最有趣的地方嗎？在那里，你感到有趣的地方是哪里？如果有機(jī)會(huì)，你還想再去那里嗎？

【試題答案】

I.

（I） 1. haven’t been 2. have, gone, have, been

3. have, been 4. has gone 5. has gone, has, been

（II） 1. since 2. for 3. for 4.since

5. since 6. for 7.for 8. for, since

（III） 1. He has been here since Tuesday.

2. It has been raining for an hour.

3. I’ve known Sue for two years.

4. I have had my camera since 1989.

5. Liz has been studying medicine at university for 3 years.

6. Dave has played the piano since he was seven years old.

II. BBCAC, CABBA, CCBCB

III. 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. D

10. C 11. D 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. C 17. D 18. B

19. D 20. A

IV. EADCB

V. CABBD BADBC

VI. （A） FTTFTF （B） DBCA

（C）1. He has been in China for more than two years.

2.

He went to Mount Emei in Sichuan Province with his family.

3.

Because it is much cheaper and far more enjoyable.

4. She bought some fruit, food and bottles of water before getting on the train.

5.

No, they didn’t. Because they kept watching the beautiful scenery out of the window.

6.

篇6

The Mid-Autumn Festival

The Mid-Autumn Festival is a very important Chinese festival. It’s on lunar fifth of August.

In the evening, we have a big dinner. Look, there is a lot of delicious food on the table. We can drink a glass of juice. We stand beside the table and we say, “Cheers, cheers, happy Mid-Autumn Festival!” We make a wish to each other. At night, the moon is usually round and bright. It looks like a ball. We can enjoy the moon. Moon cakes are the special food for this festival. We can eat moon cakes, too. In the Mid-Autumn Festival, my parents and I are all very happy and excited.

篇7

關(guān)鍵詞：蝦產(chǎn)品；出口貿(mào)易；優(yōu)化策略

蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和對(duì)外貿(mào)易中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。2015年商務(wù)部同相關(guān)部門積極推進(jìn)“一帶一路”建設(shè)，取得了較好進(jìn)展，帶動(dòng)了我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易發(fā)展。近年來，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品的出口額整體呈持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)態(tài)勢(shì)，主要原因是外部環(huán)境逐步回暖以及我國(guó)促進(jìn)外貿(mào)、穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)措施的實(shí)行。同時(shí)，人民幣匯率調(diào)整的效應(yīng)可能也正逐步顯現(xiàn)，但2015年1-12月蝦產(chǎn)品外貿(mào)出口額呈下滑趨勢(shì)，表明2016年我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口將面臨一定的壓力。為充分研究我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口存在的問題及應(yīng)對(duì)對(duì)策，本文首先對(duì)我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口的現(xiàn)狀作詳細(xì)的分析，進(jìn)而從幾個(gè)方面具體分析當(dāng)前我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口存在的問題，最后基于研究結(jié)論，提出促進(jìn)我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口的相關(guān)優(yōu)化策略。

一、我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易現(xiàn)狀分析

（一）蝦產(chǎn)品出口規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大

自加入WTO以來，貿(mào)易出口自由化程度也不斷加大，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易呈現(xiàn)出持續(xù)上升的格局，出口規(guī)模逐年擴(kuò)大。據(jù)商務(wù)部數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2005-2015年間，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易總額從3.6億美元增加到22億美元，年均增速為51%。即使在2008年全球經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)較差的情況下，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口額仍比2007年增加了22.1%，為2.5億美元。近年來，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口總額增速稍有波動(dòng)，雖然2015年我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口總額出現(xiàn)小幅下滑，為22億美元，同比下降25.4%，但整體來看，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易呈逐年增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)，規(guī)模也在不斷的擴(kuò)大。目前，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口企業(yè)順應(yīng)良好形勢(shì)，充分發(fā)揮勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)所具備的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易持續(xù)發(fā)展。

（二）蝦產(chǎn)品出口種類以小蝦及對(duì)蝦、對(duì)蝦仁和小蝦仁為主

在中國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口結(jié)構(gòu)中，小蝦及對(duì)蝦、對(duì)蝦仁和小蝦仁長(zhǎng)期占據(jù)著主導(dǎo)地位。2005-2014年間，小蝦及對(duì)蝦作為中國(guó)第一大蝦產(chǎn)品出口種類，始終占40%以上比例。對(duì)蝦仁作為中國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口第二大種類，占比在23.75%的平均水平浮動(dòng)。小蝦仁出口額占蝦產(chǎn)品出口總額的比重常年維持在10%左右。長(zhǎng)期以來，小蝦及對(duì)蝦在中國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口總額中占了較大比重，2005年小蝦及對(duì)蝦出口占比為，2015年出口占比高達(dá)40%，占比的增幅逐年提高。此外，2015年我國(guó)出口小蝦及對(duì)蝦91，457.6噸，占蝦產(chǎn)品出口總量的40%，出口額為8.78億美元；出口對(duì)蝦仁46，479.8噸，占蝦產(chǎn)品出口總量的28%，出口額為6.08億美元；出口小蝦仁32，055.7噸，占蝦產(chǎn)品出口總量的12%，出口額為2.68億美元?？梢?，小蝦及對(duì)蝦、對(duì)蝦仁和小蝦仁占據(jù)我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口較大份額。

（三）蝦產(chǎn)品出口的結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾有所緩解

隨著我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)得到一定程度改善。蝦產(chǎn)品出口，以一般貿(mào)易方式為主，以加工貿(mào)易方式為輔。據(jù)商務(wù)部數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2015年1-12月，我國(guó)以一般貿(mào)易方式出口的蝦產(chǎn)品總額為19.5億美元，占同期我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口總額的89%，而以加工貿(mào)易方式出口的蝦產(chǎn)品總額為2.4億美元，僅占出口總額的11%。在出口市場(chǎng)方面，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品在進(jìn)一步完善北美洲和亞洲市場(chǎng)的同時(shí)，也逐步開拓了新興市場(chǎng)。據(jù)商務(wù)部數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2015年我國(guó)對(duì)北美洲出口蝦產(chǎn)品0.69億美元，較上年增長(zhǎng)32.5%，對(duì)智利和俄羅斯聯(lián)邦出口蝦產(chǎn)品總額分別是0.07億美元和0.06億美元，和上年相比分別增長(zhǎng)了7.8%和58%。由此可知，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口的貿(mào)易方式、市場(chǎng)以及主體呈現(xiàn)多元化發(fā)趨勢(shì)，整個(gè)行業(yè)通過結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化與調(diào)整，結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾有所緩解。

（四）私營(yíng)企業(yè)和外商投資企業(yè)是中國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易的主力軍

在我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易企業(yè)中，長(zhǎng)期以來私營(yíng)企業(yè)和外商投資企業(yè)所占份額較大，2015年私營(yíng)企業(yè)出口額為14.9億美元，占出口總額的67.7%；外商投資企業(yè)出口額為5.2億美元，占23.6%；國(guó)有企業(yè)出口額為0.76億美元，占3.5%。雖然2015年蝦產(chǎn)品出口出現(xiàn)小幅下跌，但是私營(yíng)企業(yè)和外商投資企業(yè)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易仍比較樂觀。并且，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，私營(yíng)企業(yè)具有良好的發(fā)展前景。以廣東省茂名市新洲海產(chǎn)公司為例，2014年10月，該公司通過了美國(guó)FDA考察團(tuán)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考察，于2015年10月通過了美國(guó)FDA審核，從而獲得了蝦產(chǎn)品出口的資格，可以直接將蝦產(chǎn)品出口到美國(guó)，預(yù)計(jì)每年能夠增加出口創(chuàng)匯額超過1000萬美元，這對(duì)于提升企業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力以及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益有重要作用?？梢?，私營(yíng)企業(yè)和外商投資企業(yè)為促進(jìn)我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口的發(fā)展以及國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)做出了一定的貢獻(xiàn)。

二、我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易存在的問題

（一）重產(chǎn)量輕質(zhì)量，低價(jià)竟銷嚴(yán)重

需求量是產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)量的決定因素。近幾年，我國(guó)人均水產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)水平平均處于35.1千克左右。為提高市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)能力，商家重視產(chǎn)量輕視質(zhì)量問題越來越突出。從天津市水產(chǎn)局獲悉，2015年僅天津市就擴(kuò)大養(yǎng)殖面積超過60萬畝。其中，養(yǎng)殖南美白對(duì)蝦面積達(dá)到35萬畝左右；大河蟹養(yǎng)殖面積突破3萬畝；稻田里養(yǎng)殖河蟹達(dá)到2萬畝。2015年底，魚蟹蝦產(chǎn)量達(dá)到了20萬噸，其中，南美白對(duì)蝦產(chǎn)量占總產(chǎn)量50%，達(dá)到10萬噸，使得單價(jià)比2014年下降10%。蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易以一般貿(mào)易為主，如表1所示，盡管加工貿(mào)易有所增長(zhǎng)，但占比依舊低下，出口蝦產(chǎn)品附加值低，以養(yǎng)殖、簡(jiǎn)單加工為主，低價(jià)竟銷嚴(yán)重。據(jù)商務(wù)部數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2015年1至12月，出口蝦產(chǎn)品數(shù)量為213，110.8噸，平均單價(jià)為10，323.2美元/噸，同比下降7.6%。其中，對(duì)亞洲出口蝦產(chǎn)品數(shù)量為99，946.2噸，平均單價(jià)為10，087.9美元/噸，同比下降15.7%；對(duì)歐洲出口蝦產(chǎn)品數(shù)量為40，257.8噸，平均單價(jià)為9，263.7美元/噸，同比下降1.5%，蝦產(chǎn)品出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力有限。

（二）市場(chǎng)過于集中，出口風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大

雖然近年，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易逐步進(jìn)軍新興市場(chǎng)，拓展了中東歐16國(guó)、拉美地區(qū)、一帶一路沿線國(guó)家，多元化出口市場(chǎng)格局初顯成效，但傳統(tǒng)市場(chǎng)仍占比較重，美國(guó)、香港、日本仍排名前三，同期出口金額分別達(dá)到44，840.6萬美元、26，120.1萬美元和22，166.0萬美元，出口量分別為42，840.6噸、24，768.4噸和18，718.9噸。一方面，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口市場(chǎng)狹窄，過于集中。以出口地區(qū)來看，亞洲位列第一，出口數(shù)量和金額分別為99，946.2噸和100，824.5萬美元，占我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口比例的46.90%和45.83%。蝦產(chǎn)品出口亞洲地區(qū)的數(shù)量占比，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于大洋洲的4.55%、南美洲的5.17%、歐洲的18.89%、非洲的0.81%和北美洲的23.68%比例。蝦產(chǎn)品出口市場(chǎng)過于集中，容易受到出口國(guó)市場(chǎng)波動(dòng)影響，出口風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大。另一方面，蝦產(chǎn)品出口品種單一，50%以上為對(duì)蝦仁、小蝦仁，不利于國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力提高，出口缺陷明顯。

（三）技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘限制加強(qiáng)，出口市場(chǎng)形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻

隨著國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)蝦產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、安全衛(wèi)生要求越來越高，政策制定主要集中于蝦產(chǎn)品出口認(rèn)證、注冊(cè)等方面。歐盟率先采取立法方式，把原先用于國(guó)內(nèi)的蝦產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量保證體系（HACCP）納入法律體系，要求蝦產(chǎn)品加工企業(yè)必須按照（HACCP）計(jì)劃，才可擁有出口歐盟資格。在檢驗(yàn)方面，歐盟檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目多達(dá)100多項(xiàng)，非常苛刻，對(duì)進(jìn)口蝦產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行詳細(xì)考核，通過此項(xiàng)目并合格后，出口蝦產(chǎn)品加工企業(yè)才可獲得產(chǎn)品注冊(cè)資格。除此之外，還要求出口企業(yè)本國(guó)檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)出具的相關(guān)證書。此種資格無疑會(huì)增加水產(chǎn)品出口成本，不利于我國(guó)企業(yè)出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。2014年6月，韓國(guó)重新制定蝦產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口的重金融、激素、藥殘、有害物質(zhì)殘留許可基準(zhǔn)等，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了進(jìn)口蝦產(chǎn)品監(jiān)管力度、檢測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2015年，美國(guó)出臺(tái)了《進(jìn)口水產(chǎn)品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法》?？傮w而言，技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘基于貿(mào)易、環(huán)境、安全、生態(tài)問題，其隱蔽性愈加增強(qiáng)，這在削弱我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的同時(shí)，給行業(yè)發(fā)展帶來了嚴(yán)峻影響。

（四）蝦產(chǎn)品保鮮力度不到位，冷鏈物流發(fā)展水平有待提高

蝦產(chǎn)品自身屬性表現(xiàn)為不易獲得活品、極易死亡、組織較脆弱、易變質(zhì)等，對(duì)保鮮要求極高，因此，如何保存蝦產(chǎn)品顯得尤為重要。而我國(guó)第三方冷鏈物流企業(yè)發(fā)展有限，處于初級(jí)階段，專業(yè)第三方冷鏈物流企業(yè)僅占20%，其中40%的企業(yè)傾向于自營(yíng)冷藏物流業(yè)務(wù)，很難形成如美國(guó)冷庫(kù)運(yùn)營(yíng)商USColdStorage、PFS、加拿大ThomsonGroup、花椰菜加工企業(yè)MelvinFarms等實(shí)力強(qiáng)勁的第三方冷鏈物流企業(yè)。而且我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品冷鏈基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后，與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家有很大差距。如與日本在貯藏、運(yùn)輸過程中對(duì)溫度要求較嚴(yán)，分為冷凍、冷藏、常溫三類，統(tǒng)稱為“3溫度帶”，在實(shí)際配送中，又根據(jù)產(chǎn)品特性，分為加溫品，常溫品，定溫品，C3級(jí)～C1級(jí)，F(xiàn)1級(jí)～F4級(jí)等10多種溫度要求。與此相比，我國(guó)冷鏈運(yùn)輸設(shè)備滯后，簡(jiǎn)單的保溫箱加冰袋運(yùn)輸方式司空見慣，冷鏈物流流通效率低下，蝦產(chǎn)品從生產(chǎn)、包裝、儲(chǔ)存、運(yùn)輸和銷售的全過程中全程冷鏈還沒形成完整體系，致使蝦產(chǎn)品在整個(gè)物流過程中質(zhì)量無法得到保障。

（五）蝦產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全問題突出，國(guó)際影響力有限

蝦產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全的制約因素主要是藥殘超標(biāo)問題，藥物殘留既包括原藥殘留，也包括藥物在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的代謝殘留。當(dāng)前，我國(guó)頻發(fā)蝦產(chǎn)品養(yǎng)殖激素、藥物使用率過渡，藥物殘留超標(biāo)等問題，如2004年“毒蟹風(fēng)波”、2011年“孔雀石綠”等，使蝦產(chǎn)品聲譽(yù)受到影響，很難樹立較好的國(guó)際形象，尤其在冷凍蝦領(lǐng)域，質(zhì)量安全問題頻發(fā)，如2016年5月19日長(zhǎng)沙馬王堆現(xiàn)注膠凍蝦。為使冰凍蝦變得更加美觀，該地區(qū)有些商家非法使用注膠手段，嚴(yán)重觸犯了中華人民共和國(guó)食品安全法，正處于被調(diào)差審核中。此外，國(guó)內(nèi)凍蝦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)混亂，如大眾購(gòu)物中心蝦仁商品標(biāo)注為“凍鮮蝦仁”，沃爾瑪所售蝦仁標(biāo)注為“凍蝦仁”，大潤(rùn)發(fā)標(biāo)注為“海蝦仁”，且三家超市凍蝦冰衣厚度不一，一份標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包裝蝦仁分別重270克（單價(jià)116元/千克，總價(jià)31.32元）、336克（單價(jià)59.6元/千克，總價(jià)20.03元）和316克（單價(jià)65.8元/千克，總價(jià)20.79元）。國(guó)內(nèi)蝦產(chǎn)品欠缺質(zhì)量指標(biāo)，頻發(fā)安全問題，相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定不完善等，很容易影響蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易的持續(xù)發(fā)展。

三、促進(jìn)我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易發(fā)展的優(yōu)化策略

（一）增強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)開拓意識(shí)，積極開發(fā)新興市場(chǎng)

我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口地區(qū)主要在亞洲、美洲和歐洲，占比超過70%，大量同質(zhì)化產(chǎn)品同時(shí)涌入一個(gè)市場(chǎng)，很容易招來該地區(qū)各種貿(mào)易壁壘限制，出口風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大。因此，我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口企業(yè)應(yīng)加大新興市場(chǎng)開拓力度，提高中東歐、拉美地區(qū)、一帶一路沿線國(guó)家、非洲等國(guó)家與地區(qū)的占比?？煞e極與這些國(guó)家和地區(qū)商建自貿(mào)區(qū)、合作區(qū)，拓展沿線國(guó)家的貿(mào)易增長(zhǎng)空間。以此提高貿(mào)易便利化水平，消除貿(mào)易壁壘。企業(yè)應(yīng)實(shí)施品牌化戰(zhàn)略，加強(qiáng)品牌化意識(shí)，以提高產(chǎn)品的國(guó)際知名度。應(yīng)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化蝦產(chǎn)品品種、加工生產(chǎn)模式、營(yíng)銷模式、經(jīng)營(yíng)方式，保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，創(chuàng)立高質(zhì)量品牌。

（二）推廣健康養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)理念，提高質(zhì)量安全意識(shí)

養(yǎng)殖設(shè)施不僅是健康養(yǎng)殖的重要物質(zhì)條件，也是決定蝦養(yǎng)殖效果的直接因素，與環(huán)境生態(tài)效益聯(lián)系緊密。因此，對(duì)傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)殖設(shè)施結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)進(jìn)行重新科學(xué)改造，引進(jìn)先進(jìn)設(shè)備、開發(fā)多種功能顯得尤為重要。在功能方面，養(yǎng)殖設(shè)施必須具備基本的蝦類生長(zhǎng)空間和良好的排水功能，使養(yǎng)殖用水內(nèi)部循環(huán)使用，最大限度地減少養(yǎng)殖過程中廢棄物的產(chǎn)生。還要具備較強(qiáng)的水質(zhì)調(diào)控和凈化功能，逐步引導(dǎo)向產(chǎn)業(yè)化方向發(fā)展。此外，從源頭開始管理，在培育新苗種方面不斷提高技術(shù)水平，合理安排放養(yǎng)密度、平衡投人和產(chǎn)量水平，充分利用各種資源，達(dá)到最佳環(huán)境生態(tài)效益。設(shè)計(jì)并應(yīng)用這種養(yǎng)殖設(shè)施既能改善養(yǎng)殖效果，也能有效達(dá)到保護(hù)環(huán)境的目的，大大減少了水資源的消耗和對(duì)水環(huán)境的不良影響，以此出口符合國(guó)際市場(chǎng)質(zhì)量要求的蝦類，在國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng)差異化競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中占據(jù)較高地位。

（三）加強(qiáng)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)功能，規(guī)范企業(yè)行為

我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口企業(yè)抬高價(jià)格爭(zhēng)奪原料和壓低價(jià)格出口的惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為較嚴(yán)重，在降低企業(yè)自身收益的同時(shí)，也容易促使進(jìn)口國(guó)提出反傾銷調(diào)查。因此，有必要進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)作用，規(guī)范蝦類企業(yè)行為，協(xié)調(diào)內(nèi)部?jī)r(jià)格，以保障出口企業(yè)利益。一方面，行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)應(yīng)該及時(shí)關(guān)注相關(guān)國(guó)際動(dòng)態(tài)并為出口企業(yè)提供準(zhǔn)確的信息指導(dǎo)，幫助企業(yè)規(guī)避出口風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。企業(yè)可以根據(jù)這些信息合理組織、安排蝦產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)，及時(shí)把握市場(chǎng)行情。另一方面，可以進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一的對(duì)外訪問，組織企業(yè)生產(chǎn)人員到國(guó)外考察學(xué)習(xí)，進(jìn)而提高我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，促使我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口有序發(fā)展。相關(guān)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)應(yīng)該制定科學(xué)的行業(yè)準(zhǔn)則，為蝦產(chǎn)品出口企業(yè)營(yíng)造公正的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境。同時(shí)，政府出口管理部門應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步和相關(guān)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)溝通，共同對(duì)蝦產(chǎn)品出口加工企業(yè)進(jìn)行有效指導(dǎo)，雙方控制好市場(chǎng)秩序，防止出口企業(yè)發(fā)生盲目競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行為。

（四）健全蝦產(chǎn)品流通體系，完善運(yùn)輸鏈

健全蝦產(chǎn)品流通體系，完善運(yùn)輸鏈可以大大提高蝦產(chǎn)品出口數(shù)量及質(zhì)量。企業(yè)方面應(yīng)該加大在流通環(huán)節(jié)的資金投入，派專業(yè)人員到國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí)先進(jìn)的蝦產(chǎn)品保鮮經(jīng)驗(yàn)，結(jié)合我國(guó)現(xiàn)狀研發(fā)出提升我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品流通的方法。同時(shí)，我們可以引進(jìn)國(guó)外先進(jìn)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)和設(shè)備，從蝦產(chǎn)品制作、包裝到運(yùn)輸整個(gè)過程采取全程監(jiān)控，利用國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)改進(jìn)我國(guó)各環(huán)節(jié)的保鮮工藝。此外，國(guó)際先進(jìn)的冷鏈物流技術(shù)目前在我國(guó)沒有被廣泛應(yīng)用，國(guó)外的RFID技術(shù)可以做到對(duì)運(yùn)輸或配送過程中溫度發(fā)生改變時(shí)發(fā)出預(yù)警，從而幫助辨識(shí)可能由溫度變化引發(fā)的質(zhì)量變化和發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間。通過這種方法，可以有效提高蝦產(chǎn)品運(yùn)輸技術(shù)，但對(duì)于企業(yè)來說，RFID的運(yùn)營(yíng)成本較高，不過該項(xiàng)技術(shù)有一定的規(guī)模優(yōu)勢(shì)，有條件的企業(yè)可以進(jìn)行嘗試。此外，應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)科研教學(xué)單位與企業(yè)聯(lián)合研發(fā)新的保鮮技術(shù)，科研單位為企業(yè)提供技術(shù)創(chuàng)新支持。

（五）利用WTO規(guī)則維護(hù)我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口權(quán)益

我國(guó)在保障蝦產(chǎn)品出口質(zhì)量的同時(shí)，應(yīng)該積極利用WTO規(guī)則維護(hù)我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口企業(yè)的權(quán)益。相關(guān)部門應(yīng)該在貿(mào)易政策上給蝦產(chǎn)品出口企業(yè)提供大力支持，加強(qiáng)保護(hù)本國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口企業(yè)的權(quán)益，例如，政府應(yīng)該通過調(diào)整相關(guān)法律政策不斷完善我國(guó)貿(mào)易法律體系，一旦蝦產(chǎn)品出口企業(yè)遭到國(guó)外政策壓制，能夠隨時(shí)得到有效的法律幫助。在擴(kuò)大蝦產(chǎn)品出口貿(mào)易規(guī)模的同時(shí)，我國(guó)應(yīng)該維護(hù)正常的國(guó)際貿(mào)易秩序。在遵守國(guó)際貿(mào)易準(zhǔn)則的同時(shí)，應(yīng)該積極、妥善地處理相關(guān)貿(mào)易糾紛。在應(yīng)對(duì)貿(mào)易壁壘時(shí)，行業(yè)間應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)協(xié)作，對(duì)以往的應(yīng)訴經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行總結(jié)，行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)積極應(yīng)訴，以減少損失。并且，蝦產(chǎn)品出口企業(yè)應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)和漁業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的聯(lián)系，共同保障自身利益。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]寧凌，廖澤芳.中國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析[J].中國(guó)漁業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)，2008（3）：73-80.

[2]婁婧婧，趙廣才，陳偉民.綠色壁壘對(duì)我國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品出口的影響及對(duì)策研究[J].食品研究與開發(fā)，2015（15）：129-134.

[3]周井娟.中國(guó)蝦產(chǎn)品國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)績(jī)效的實(shí)證分析[J].國(guó)際經(jīng)貿(mào)探索，2010（1）：48-52.

[4]寧夏，孫琛.蝦產(chǎn)品國(guó)際市場(chǎng)進(jìn)口價(jià)格分析[J].南方農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào)，2012（9）：1420-1423.

[5]曹建軍，肖和萌.蝦產(chǎn)品國(guó)際市場(chǎng)進(jìn)口價(jià)格分析[J].東方企業(yè)文化，2010（10）：1-2.

篇8

樂“學(xué)”知識(shí)目標(biāo)

學(xué)好語(yǔ)言知識(shí)是學(xué)生發(fā)展語(yǔ)言技能的重要基礎(chǔ)。在教學(xué)中，利用信息技術(shù)創(chuàng)設(shè)真實(shí)語(yǔ)境，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生在自主學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上開展合作探究，因勢(shì)利導(dǎo)，讓學(xué)生充分展示各自的特長(zhǎng)，體驗(yàn)學(xué)習(xí)成功的喜悅，進(jìn)而轉(zhuǎn)化為學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力。

在語(yǔ)音、詞匯的教學(xué)中，我利用多媒體集音、像、圖、文于一體的特點(diǎn)， 將原本枯燥的聽、讀、寫進(jìn)行了語(yǔ)境動(dòng)畫創(chuàng)設(shè)制作，利用動(dòng)畫分音節(jié)、分段地展示新單詞，突破重難點(diǎn)，使學(xué)生感受語(yǔ)境，感知語(yǔ)音，感悟語(yǔ)言。例如，初一英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)Unit 6中出現(xiàn)大量表現(xiàn)人物外貌和性格的形容詞。此時(shí)，我讓學(xué)生在一場(chǎng)最熟悉、最喜愛的籃球賽中一覽姚明等NBA巨星的風(fēng)采，伴隨著球場(chǎng)上解說員全英文的介紹，學(xué)生們不僅能感受到純正的發(fā)音技巧，而且會(huì)不由自主地融入運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)交流的語(yǔ)境中。一個(gè)動(dòng)畫口型的凸顯會(huì)很好地吸引學(xué)生的注意力，讓學(xué)生通過模仿掌握連讀、爆破等發(fā)音技巧，進(jìn)而在語(yǔ)境交流過程中掌握本單元的新詞匯。教師隨時(shí)關(guān)注學(xué)生交流，并適時(shí)地利用電子白板的輸入功能設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)音指導(dǎo)，提醒學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確發(fā)音，強(qiáng)化學(xué)生的記憶。

力“拓”能力目標(biāo)

語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的最終目標(biāo)是運(yùn)用，這就需要教師努力為學(xué)生搭建一個(gè)廣闊的實(shí)踐平臺(tái)，讓學(xué)生掌握學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的方法，拓展自己的能力，達(dá)到語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的能力目標(biāo)。英語(yǔ)作為一門國(guó)際性語(yǔ)言走進(jìn)我們的課堂，本身缺乏足夠的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，信息技術(shù)在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用正好彌補(bǔ)了這一缺憾。信息技術(shù)為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)提供了更為廣闊的學(xué)習(xí)空間，有利于學(xué)生拓展聽、說、讀、寫等各方面技能。初二英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)Unit 5的語(yǔ)言目標(biāo)是 Talk about consequences ，為達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)，全面提高學(xué)生語(yǔ)言技能，我下載了一段美國(guó)中學(xué)生周末聚會(huì)的視頻片段，啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考交流: “What will happen if you go to the party?” 在這里，學(xué)生不但感受到了最純正的英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)交流，而且分享到了異國(guó)同齡人周末活動(dòng)的快樂，培養(yǎng)和鍛煉了學(xué)生的聽說能力，同時(shí)也為學(xué)生自己的語(yǔ)言交流樹立了榜樣。在此基礎(chǔ)上，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生想象自己班級(jí)的聚會(huì)活動(dòng)，自制活動(dòng)會(huì)話片段課件，練習(xí)掌握常用口語(yǔ)。在活動(dòng)會(huì)話交流、課件的制作和展示中，學(xué)生領(lǐng)略到了學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的快樂，輕松地完成了本單元的能力目標(biāo)。

盡“修”情感目標(biāo)

英語(yǔ)作為世界上使用國(guó)家最多的語(yǔ)言, 蘊(yùn)涵著深厚的文化底蘊(yùn)，同時(shí)也儲(chǔ)藏著豐富的情感內(nèi)涵。利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)下載西方國(guó)家日常生活場(chǎng)景片段，自然風(fēng)光、地域風(fēng)貌和歷史變遷的圖片解說，以及學(xué)生喜愛的英文歌曲和文學(xué)作品等，都在不同方面、不同程度上使學(xué)生了解了世界各地的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、風(fēng)土人情和歷史文化，既開闊了眼界，又對(duì)學(xué)生的思想、行為、態(tài)度，乃至世界觀和人生觀的塑造起著潛移默化的作用。

篇9

【關(guān)鍵詞】中小學(xué) 教師角色 英語(yǔ)教育 銜接

小學(xué)與初中是基礎(chǔ)教育的兩個(gè)階段，它們彼此獨(dú)立卻又緊密聯(lián)系。但目前中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中存在著較為嚴(yán)重的脫節(jié)現(xiàn)象，導(dǎo)致不少在小學(xué)階段成績(jī)不錯(cuò)的初一新生，在進(jìn)入初中后的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中暴露出種種問題，而一些較有潛力的孩子在進(jìn)入中學(xué)后也成為了泯滅于眾人中的現(xiàn)代“仲永”。進(jìn)入初中不應(yīng)當(dāng)是小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教育的終點(diǎn)，而應(yīng)是小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教育的延續(xù)、初中英語(yǔ)教育的起點(diǎn)。如何實(shí)現(xiàn)中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師角色互換，順利做好小學(xué)和初中的銜接工作，成功地將小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過渡到初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)，是一個(gè)值得我們廈門外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)校海滄附屬學(xué)校這樣一所以英語(yǔ)為辦學(xué)特色的九年一貫制學(xué)校認(rèn)真思考研究的問題。那么究竟應(yīng)該如何解決這個(gè)問題呢？筆者認(rèn)為主要該從以下幾點(diǎn)入手：

一、把握教學(xué)內(nèi)容的差異，做好中小學(xué)教材的自然銜接

做為一名初一英語(yǔ)教師，筆者經(jīng)常會(huì)聽到學(xué)生們有這樣的疑問：許多知識(shí)點(diǎn)在小學(xué)就已經(jīng)學(xué)過了，為何初中還在重復(fù)？不是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間嗎？ 聽到這樣的埋怨及質(zhì)疑，筆者沉思許久。既然小學(xué)就已經(jīng)學(xué)過了，為何現(xiàn)在的初一學(xué)生一談到相關(guān)的話題，能夠真正漂亮地說上幾句的學(xué)生屈指可數(shù)呢？究竟是小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的浪費(fèi)還是初一教學(xué)的沒有必要呢？

筆者認(rèn)為出現(xiàn)這樣的問題，說明中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教育銜接存在著不足或者可能完全失去銜接。想要從根本上解決這個(gè)不足或者彌補(bǔ)這個(gè)缺口，就要求中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師在日常教學(xué)中，要相互交流中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)信息，通讀中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教材，注意中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)內(nèi)容和教學(xué)方式的差異，以便融會(huì)貫通，掌握好中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)規(guī)律，使新舊知識(shí)自然銜接。

首先，對(duì)于小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師而言，要找出小學(xué)教材與初中教材，特別是初中第一冊(cè)教材在詞匯、語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)言交際等內(nèi)容上的異同處，以便找準(zhǔn)銜接點(diǎn)，行之有效地整合教材內(nèi)容，制定合適的教學(xué)目標(biāo)，為初中起始階段的教學(xué)提供扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，使初中教師不再致力于字母、音標(biāo)、語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)的教學(xué)，而是在學(xué)生原有的基礎(chǔ)上，著手拓寬學(xué)生的知識(shí)面。

其次，對(duì)于中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師而言，則是要通讀小學(xué)一至六冊(cè)的教學(xué)內(nèi)容，在開學(xué)的第一至兩周內(nèi)做系統(tǒng)的復(fù)習(xí)，達(dá)到自然的銜接過渡。因?yàn)槌跻挥⒄Z(yǔ)大綱所要求掌握的詞匯、句子、語(yǔ)法等內(nèi)容大多在小學(xué)英語(yǔ)中就已經(jīng)學(xué)過，或者至少是涉及過，所以在學(xué)生步入初一之后，中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師應(yīng)當(dāng)將小學(xué)英語(yǔ)的重難點(diǎn)，特別是與新課英語(yǔ)內(nèi)容相關(guān)的語(yǔ)法、交際目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)地復(fù)習(xí)一遍，達(dá)到小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)內(nèi)容鞏固、記憶、活用的目的，為過渡到初一新知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)做好充分準(zhǔn)備。同時(shí)，中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師也要合理安排教學(xué)內(nèi)容和教學(xué)方式，實(shí)現(xiàn)因材施教，讓新生從第一節(jié)英語(yǔ)課開始，就有一種學(xué)習(xí)的新鮮感和緊迫感，做到中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教材的自然銜接。這樣，才能避免因?qū)W習(xí)內(nèi)容重復(fù)而導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)效率降低、水平難以提高的現(xiàn)象。

二、注意結(jié)合教學(xué)方式，做好中小學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)興趣的銜接

俗話說，興趣是最好的老師，在中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，要提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣是關(guān)鍵?！缎睦韺W(xué)》中對(duì)于中小學(xué)生的興趣做了這樣的論述：“小學(xué)生對(duì)理解的、感興趣的和具體的事有興趣。初中生的興趣和小學(xué)生相比具有一定的深刻性和自覺性，他們由于學(xué)習(xí)和獲得好成績(jī)而產(chǎn)生的滿意的積極情感有助于發(fā)展和鞏固他們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣?！彪S著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，初一學(xué)生的身心發(fā)展有了一定的變化，在他們身上再也找不到小學(xué)生獨(dú)有的對(duì)新鮮事物的好奇和好問，特別是他們的自我表現(xiàn)欲望不如小學(xué)階段強(qiáng)烈，不敢舉手回答問題，不敢開口講英語(yǔ)，久而久之學(xué)英語(yǔ)的興趣也逐步下降。因此，鞏固學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)興趣的重?fù)?dān)就落到了初一年級(jí)教師的身上。

在小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，教師常常通過游戲、表演、視聽等教學(xué)方法，來激發(fā)小學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)興趣。根據(jù)中小學(xué)生的心理特征，初中英語(yǔ)教師也應(yīng)在教學(xué)過程中，認(rèn)真把握好教材內(nèi)容的趣味性，盡量保留并發(fā)揚(yáng)小學(xué)英語(yǔ)課的教學(xué)方式，營(yíng)造活躍的課堂氣氛。中學(xué)教師可以綜合利用各種直觀教具和多媒體把文字、聲音和圖象等融為一體，創(chuàng)設(shè)學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與語(yǔ)言交際活動(dòng)的情境，讓學(xué)生走入情境、理解情景、表演情境，以此來教授重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。筆者在進(jìn)行新目標(biāo)七年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 8 I’d like some noodles的教學(xué)中，就利用多媒體展示精美的食物圖片，并進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的餐廳點(diǎn)餐情景劇競(jìng)賽，讓學(xué)生自己制作道具，組織人員進(jìn)行表演。學(xué)生很快的融入情景中，并且較牢固的掌握了該課的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。經(jīng)過筆者課后調(diào)查，學(xué)生普遍反映這樣的課堂大大提高了他們對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。

此外，初中英語(yǔ)教師尤其要深入研究和學(xué)習(xí)《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中提出和倡導(dǎo)的任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式，要盡量用巧妙、新穎獨(dú)特的課堂導(dǎo)入使學(xué)生自然的進(jìn)入學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)的情境，激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和求知欲，使學(xué)生樂學(xué)、愛學(xué)。同時(shí)，初中英語(yǔ)教師也可以開展各種有利于學(xué)生鞏固和運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)的英語(yǔ)活動(dòng)，如表演法、競(jìng)賽法、游戲法來滿足學(xué)生好玩樂、爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝的心理，持續(xù)激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情，使學(xué)生在各種活動(dòng)中體驗(yàn)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的趣味性，享受英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的樂趣。

三、培養(yǎng)中小學(xué)生科學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)技能，做好中小學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣的銜接

書寫潦草，不規(guī)范，拼寫含糊，語(yǔ)法概念混亂，中式英語(yǔ)屢見不鮮，“金口難開”等，是筆者在一年的初一教學(xué)過程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生普遍存在的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)問題。這些問題迫切要求中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師必須指導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握科學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)方法，養(yǎng)成良好的自主學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。

由于有初次接觸英語(yǔ)的好奇感，加之記憶力、模仿力都較強(qiáng)，通常小學(xué)生很快便能適應(yīng)其英語(yǔ)老師及其教學(xué)方法。只要他們?cè)诶蠋煹慕虒?dǎo)下，勤奮努力，絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生并不難達(dá)到大綱的要求程度。然而對(duì)于小學(xué)高年級(jí)的英語(yǔ)教師而言，除了引導(dǎo)學(xué)生努力學(xué)習(xí)以達(dá)到大綱要求外，更應(yīng)該有意識(shí)地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生養(yǎng)成課前預(yù)習(xí)，找出問題的習(xí)慣；課內(nèi)帶著問題認(rèn)真聽課和做筆記，積極思考、提問的習(xí)慣；課后整理筆記，按時(shí)按質(zhì)按量完成家庭作業(yè)，及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)鞏固的習(xí)慣，以便學(xué)生進(jìn)入初中后能夠更快的學(xué)會(huì)自主學(xué)習(xí)，進(jìn)而更快地進(jìn)入初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的高速軌道。

對(duì)于初中英語(yǔ)教師而言，由于教學(xué)對(duì)象正處于機(jī)械記憶向理解記憶逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化時(shí)期，加上面對(duì)初中教材內(nèi)容、教學(xué)要求的轉(zhuǎn)變、中小學(xué)教師教學(xué)方法的差異、學(xué)科增多等一系列新的問題，在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中或多或少都會(huì)存在著一些問題。因此，在教學(xué)過程中要努力幫助學(xué)生保留部分好的小學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣：積極舉手發(fā)言的習(xí)慣，積極參與小組活動(dòng)的習(xí)慣，積極參與英語(yǔ)游戲的習(xí)慣等。同時(shí)幫助、指導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握好科學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣：學(xué)會(huì)歸納總結(jié)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)，學(xué)會(huì)自編英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)口訣，學(xué)會(huì)整合交際語(yǔ)言并自編對(duì)話等，以便學(xué)生更快融入初中階段的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)。

四、關(guān)注中小學(xué)生思想動(dòng)態(tài)，注意中小學(xué)學(xué)生心理情感的銜接

從小學(xué)踏入中學(xué)，學(xué)生們?cè)谛睦砩弦仓饾u發(fā)生著變化。他們有著很強(qiáng)的自豪感，總愛以“小大人”自居，希望仿照大人的方式去處事，并渴望受到別人的尊重，但實(shí)際上他們處理問題片面輕率，稚氣十足，面對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)困難束手無策或者輕言放棄。況且，進(jìn)入中學(xué)后，學(xué)生面臨著一個(gè)全新的環(huán)境，對(duì)新教師的教學(xué)及管理方法、板書、語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)、言談舉止等存在不適應(yīng)，就可能影響學(xué)生的課堂學(xué)習(xí)效果。

因此，對(duì)于中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師而言，在師能方面，要通過高質(zhì)量的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)，樹立良好的教師形象和威嚴(yán)；在師德方面，則是學(xué)會(huì)做現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的“古越濤”，要在銜接期用心地關(guān)心學(xué)生，用老師真誠(chéng)的態(tài)度和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)男袨槿ビ绊憣W(xué)生，感化學(xué)生，幫助他們克服英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的心理障礙，做學(xué)生的知心朋友，增進(jìn)師生情感交流，使學(xué)生保持心理平衡，從而產(chǎn)生對(duì)老師的敬佩和信賴，使學(xué)生增強(qiáng)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的自信心，最終達(dá)到學(xué)生真正地“親其師，信其道”。

五、實(shí)現(xiàn)中小學(xué)教師角色的互換

要做好中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教育的銜接工作，最根本的還是教師要轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，實(shí)現(xiàn)角色的互換，要由過去單純的教育者、管理者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉?wù)者、研究者和學(xué)習(xí)者。我們?nèi)w中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師應(yīng)該充分利用我們九年一貫制辦學(xué)制度的優(yōu)勢(shì)，加強(qiáng)交流與學(xué)習(xí)。中學(xué)教師應(yīng)多到小學(xué)去聽課、上課，了解小學(xué)教師的教學(xué)風(fēng)格和小學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)特點(diǎn)，熟悉小學(xué)教法和教學(xué)內(nèi)容，為自然銜接做準(zhǔn)備；小學(xué)教師也應(yīng)多到中學(xué)去聽課，和中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師一起研討教學(xué)中應(yīng)注意的問題，了解初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的動(dòng)態(tài)，了解中學(xué)生需要在小學(xué)生階段奠定哪些基礎(chǔ)、養(yǎng)成哪些習(xí)慣等。這樣，既可以避免小學(xué)生進(jìn)入初中后機(jī)械重復(fù)地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)，解決中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中存在的問題，為中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教育的銜接提供重要依據(jù)，同時(shí)也有利于促使中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師轉(zhuǎn)變教育觀念，提高自身素質(zhì)，不斷接受新事物，努力提高英語(yǔ)教學(xué)水平，開拓出一條既符合教學(xué)實(shí)際，又適合時(shí)代需要的教學(xué)新路子，從而提高我校九年義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)教學(xué)水平，真正凸顯出我校九年一貫制的英語(yǔ)辦學(xué)特色。

路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮，順利做好小學(xué)和初中的銜接工作，成功地將小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過渡到初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)，是一個(gè)以英語(yǔ)為辦學(xué)特色的九年一貫制學(xué)校的重頭戲。只有全體中小學(xué)教師共同用心和努力地做好銜接和過渡工作，才能盡快迎來中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教育的春天。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]余文森.新課程背景下的公共教育學(xué)教程[M].高等教育出版社.2004.

[2]葉一舵. 新課程背景下的公共心理學(xué)教程[M].高等教育出版社.2004.

[3]胡春洞. 英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法[M].高等教育出版社.2002.

[4]教育部.英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)稿）[M].北京師范大學(xué)出版社.2005.

篇10

（四川省巴中市巴州區(qū)清江鎮(zhèn)奇章小學(xué)636025）

一、建立和諧平等的師生關(guān)系,讓學(xué)生愉快學(xué)習(xí)

首先,教師要關(guān)心愛護(hù)學(xué)生。我校有三分之一的學(xué)生遠(yuǎn)離父母到我校學(xué)習(xí),老師和藹可親的語(yǔ)氣、協(xié)調(diào)自如的表情、真誠(chéng)的微笑、信任的眼神、恰當(dāng)?shù)墓膭?lì),為學(xué)生帶來感官上和精神上的愉悅;課后多和他們接觸,從生活上多關(guān)心他們,注意他們?cè)谇榫w、思想和行為上的變化,就像父母一樣與之多交流、多談心,幫助他們答疑解難。其次,教師要平等對(duì)待學(xué)生,教師要尊重學(xué)生,保護(hù)他們的自尊心和積極性,對(duì)學(xué)生應(yīng)以鼓勵(lì)為主,及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的點(diǎn)滴進(jìn)步,給予肯定或表?yè)P(yáng),使學(xué)生感覺到自己時(shí)刻在進(jìn)步,不斷體驗(yàn)到成功的喜悅,提高其學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣和信心。興趣是推動(dòng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的一種動(dòng)力。愉快教學(xué)就是通過營(yíng)造輕松、歡快的課堂氣氛,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的興趣,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情和積極性。我采取了一些方法,如:幫助班上的同學(xué)改英文名,盡量多講一些關(guān)于英美國(guó)家的文化、生活故事,使他們能夠愛上英語(yǔ)。

二、做好記憶方法指導(dǎo),讓學(xué)生輕松學(xué)習(xí)

1、語(yǔ)音規(guī)則記憶法。在教授生詞的時(shí)候,我根據(jù)本課的新單詞,聯(lián)系舊單詞,總結(jié)讀音規(guī)則。如:在教新單詞時(shí),總結(jié)出字母a的讀音規(guī)則。a在單詞past、half中是發(fā)［a:］,在單詞late、game中是發(fā)［ei:］。我還同時(shí)聯(lián)系學(xué)過的單詞中含字母組合ar的單詞dark、quarter、sharpener等,復(fù)習(xí)字母a的發(fā)音規(guī)則和字母組合ar、aw、ea的發(fā)音規(guī)則。通過這樣的總結(jié),學(xué)生能順利地讀出單詞,漸漸也能寫出單詞。

2、擴(kuò)展聯(lián)想記憶法。在教生詞travel的時(shí)候引導(dǎo)學(xué)生聯(lián)想到表示旅行的交通工具,boat、bus、ship、plane、car、 taxi. minibus and so on;并且可以聯(lián)系by、take、on、in的用法。當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞visit時(shí),要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生想到一系列的與"看"有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)see、watch、read、look at、lookaf ter、take care of。久而久之,學(xué)生在看到一個(gè)房間的時(shí)候,就有可能想到desk、chair、broom、sofa、book等一系列的單詞。

3、歸類集中記憶法。鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生將所學(xué)過的單詞歸類集中:按歸屬范圍歸類,如文具類、蔬菜類、水果類、交通工具類、月份星期類;按詞的用法特點(diǎn)歸類,如帶雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞、帶賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞、后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞、后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式兼用作賓語(yǔ)有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞。按句型結(jié)構(gòu)歸類,如"想干某事"可有如下句型:want to do sth,want sb to do sth, want sth,would like to do sth.按字母組合歸類,如以字母組合ook結(jié)尾的單詞有cook、book、look等;按同義詞、反義詞進(jìn)行歸類,

4、構(gòu)詞分組記憶法。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用構(gòu)詞法可以迅速、準(zhǔn)確地記憶單詞,增加詞匯量,下冊(cè)的Unit21,動(dòng)詞ing構(gòu)成中有一條是以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且未尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞,需雙寫這一輔音字母再+ing,讓學(xué)生著實(shí)難以理解。教師可僅就初一冊(cè)中常出的需雙寫輔音字母的動(dòng)詞羅列出來,如:put-putting,begin-beginning,stop -stopping,swlm-swlmming, run-running, get-getting, sit-sitting等,然后再按一定順序排列,使之成為一段有意義的話:get begin swim run stop put sit,得到(get) -個(gè)命令,開始(begin)游泳(swim)和跑步(run),停止(stop)比賽后,穿上(put´- on)衣服,坐下(sit)休息一會(huì)兒。這樣同學(xué)們只需記住一段對(duì)于自己來說太好記不過的話,就可解決很多易錯(cuò)的問題。